OG48-39(business)(徐老師示範題之一)

[agk99]

Passage 39(business)(contrast A, B)

The modern multinational corporation is described(作者進場敘述別人的看法) as having originated when the owner-managers of nineteenth-century British firms carrying on international trade were replaced by teams of salaried managers organized into hierarchies. (難句)(受薪階級的官僚組織，造成了現代多國企業的出現)Increases in the volume of transactions in such firms are commonly believed to have necessitated this structural change. Nineteenth-century inventions like the steamship and the telegraph, by facilitating coordination of managerial activities, are described as key factors. Sixteenth-and seventeenth-century chartered trading companies, despite the international scope of their activities, are usually considered irrelevant to this discussion: the volume of their transactions is assumed to have been too low and the communications and transport of their day too primitive to make comparisons with modern multinationals interesting.
第一段，全段敘述其他人對於現代多國企業產生的看法，是由於十九世紀受薪經理者所組成的官僚體系取代所有者後，所產生，特別是大量的交易及新發明，都讓這種轉變成為必須。作者也引述一般人對十六世紀企業的看法，但由於交易量太小，多數人認為無關。

In reality, however, early trading companies(十六世紀公司) successfully purchased and outfitted ships, built and operated offices and warehouses, manufactured trade goods for use abroad, maintained trading posts and production facilities overseas, procured goods for import, and sold those goods both at home and in other countries. The large volume of transactions associated with these activities seems to have necessitated hierarchical management structures well before the advent of modern communications and transportation. For example, in the Hudson’s Bay Company, each far-flung trading outpost was managed by a salaried agent, who carried out the trade with the Native Americans, managed day-to-day operations, and oversaw the post’s workers and servants. One chief agent, answerable to the Court of Directors in London through the correspondence committee, was appointed with control over all of the agents on the bay.(全數略讀)
第二段，提到六個基本動作由十六世紀公司完成，這樣的需求迫使官僚組織陸續出現。記得略讀十六世紀公司形成官僚體系的例子。

The early trading companies did differ strikingly from modern multinationals in many respects. They depended heavily on the national governments of their home countries and thus characteristically acted abroad to promote national interests. Their top managers were typically owners with a substantial minority share, whereas senior managers’ holdings in modern multinationals are usually insignificant. They operated in a pre-industrial (考點) world, grafting a system of capitalist international trade onto a pre-modern system of artisan and peasant production.(講述十六世紀公司還是有一些與現代公司不同之處) Despite these differences, however, early trading companies organized effectively in remarkably modern ways and merit further study as analogues(同樣的) of more modern structures.

*241. The author’s main point is that
(A) modern multinationals originated in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries with the establishment of chartered trading companies
(B) the success of early chartered trading companies, like that of modern multinationals, depended primarily on their ability to carry out complex operations
(C) early chartered trading companies should be more seriously considered by scholars studying the origins of modern multinationals
(D) scholars are quite mistaken concerning the origins of modern multinationals
(E) the management structures of early chartered trading companies are fundamentally the same as those of modern multinationals
答案給C

242. According to the passage, early chartered trading companies are usually described as
(A) irrelevant to a discussion of the origins of the modern multinational corporation
(B) interesting but ultimately too unusually to be good subjects for economic study
(C) analogues of nineteenth-century British trading firms
(D) rudimentary and very early forms of the modern multinational corporation
(E) important national institutions because they existed to further the political aims of the governments of their home countries

*243. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would characterize the activities engaged in by early chartered trading companies as being
(A) complex enough in scope to require a substantial amount of planning and coordination on the part of management
(B) too simple to be considered similar to those of a modern multinational corporation
(C) as intricate as those carried out by the largest multinational corporations today
(D) often unprofitable due to slow communications and unreliable means of transportation
(E) hampered by the political demands imposed on them by the governments of their home countries
答案給A

244. The author lists the various activities of early chartered trading companies in order to
(A) analyze the various ways in which these activities contributed to changes in management structure in such companies
(B) demonstrate that the volume of business transactions of such companies exceeded that of earlier firms
(C) refute the view that the volume of business undertaken by such companies was relatively low
(D) emphasize the international scope of these companies’ operations
(E) support the argument that such firms coordinated such activities by using available means of communication and transport

245. With which of the following generalizations regarding management structures would the author of the passage most probably agree?
(A) Hierarchical management structures are the most efficient management structures possible in a modern context.
(B) Firms that routinely have a high volume of business transactions find it necessary to adopt hierarchical management structures.
(C) Hierarchical management structures cannot be successfully implemented without modern communications and transportation.
(D) Modern multinational firms with a relatively small volume of business transactions usually do not have hierarchically organized management structures.
(E) Companies that adopt hierarchical management structures usually do so in order to facilitate expansion into foreign trade.

246. The passage suggests that modern multinationals differ from early chartered trading
companies in that
(A) the top managers of modern multinationals own stock in their own companies rather than simply receiving a salary
(B) modern multinationals depend on a system of capitalist international trade rather than on less modern trading systems
(C) modern multinationals have operations in a number of different foreign counties rather than merely in one or two
(D) the operations of modern multinationals are highly profitable despite the more stringent environmental and safety regulations of modern governments
(E) the overseas operations of modern multinationals are not governed by the national interests of their home countries

247. The author mentions the artisan and peasant production systems of early chartered trading companies as an example of
(A) an area of operations of these companies that was unhampered by rudimentary systems of communications and transport
(B) a similarity that allows fruitful comparison of these companies with modern multinationals
(C) a positive achievement of these companies in the face of various difficulties
(D) a system that could not have emerged in the absence of management hierarchies
(E) a characteristic that distinguishes these companies from modern multinationals

248. The passage suggests that one of the reasons that early chartered trading companies deserve comparison with early modern multinationals is
(A) the degree to which they both depended on new technology
(B) the similar nature of their management structures
(C) similarities in their top managements’ degree of ownership in the company
(D) their common dependence on political stability abroad in order to carry on foreign operations
(E) their common tendency to revolutionize systems of production

[agk99]

雖然徐老師親自指導過，但還是想請教241及243

[agnes]

#241

本篇架構是:
? origin --> modern
others('19th) <--> author('16th) 做contrast

(A)此選項沒有錯 但(C)更好 包含比(A)更多訊息!
(B)把16th放在修釋語中 (wrong)
(C)正確
(D)mistaken為[Negative] (wrong)
(E)把16th放在修釋語中 (wrong) ("of early chartered trading companies"=16th)

這是老師教的我記得的部份
你參考看看:)

[agnes]

#243

author對16th的activities態度是[Positive]
文: transactions --> hierarchy

(A) activities = complex -->management(呼應hierarchy)
(B) too...to...:[Negative] (wrong)
(C) as...as 為compare寫作技巧 題目是因果關係寫作技巧 (wrong)
(D) unprofitable:[Negative] (wrong)
(E) hampered:[Negative] (wrong)

這也是老師教的

[micht]

第二段

The modern multinational corporation is described as _________
Nineteenth century inventions _________, are described as key factors.
Sixteen and seventeen century _______, are consider irrelevant.


第二段
In reality,[轉折] early trading companies successfully ______. [指16, 17世紀]
此段說明為什作者覺得　early trading companies are NOT irrevalent.

第三段
說明early trading companies 和 modern multinational companies 不同處


*241. The author’s main point is that
(A) modern multinationals originated in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries with the establishment of chartered trading companies

(B) the success of early chartered trading companies, like that of modern multinationals, depended primarily on their ability to carry out complex operations

(C) early chartered trading companies should be more seriously considered by scholars studying the origins of modern multinationals 　本文focus在第二段！為作者的主旨是要說16, 17早期companies是relevant的　和the origins of modern multinationals 大有關係　不可忽視 =>因此要提醒other scholars要仔細推敲the origins of modern multinationals

(D) scholars are quite mistaken concerning the origins of modern multinationals

(E) the management structures of early chartered trading companies are fundamentally the same as those of modern multinationals
答案給C

[agk99]

謝謝兩位，總算有人參與這一篇RC的討論了

[micht]

In reality, however, early trading companies(十六世紀公司) successfully purchased and outfitted ships, built and operated offices and warehouses, manufactured trade goods for use abroad, maintained trading posts and production facilities overseas, procured goods for import, and sold those goods both at home and in other countries. The large volume of transactions associated with these activities seems to have necessitated hierarchical management structures well before the advent of modern communications and transportation. For example, in the Hudson’s Bay Company, each far-flung trading outpost was managed by a salaried agent, who carried out the trade with the Native Americans, managed day-to-day operations, and oversaw the post’s workers and servants. One chief agent, answerable to the Court of Directors in London through the correspondence committee, was appointed with control over all of the agents on the bay.



*243. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would characterize the activities engaged in by early chartered trading companies as being


(A) complex enough in scope to require a substantial amount of planning and coordination on the part of management
(B) too simple to be considered similar to those of a modern multinational corporation
(C) as intricate as those carried out by the largest multinational corporations today
(D) often unprofitable due to slow communications and unreliable means of transportation
(E) hampered by the political demands imposed on them by the governments of their home countries
答案給A

這題我的看法是∼因為文中所舉例..感覺一個人要負責很多事 所以 complex

[hwatai]

243的部份，套一下方有毅的路：
原文(第二段)無比較概念，答案(c)有as..as..　
因此不選

[chris8888]

242. According to the passage, early chartered trading companies are usually described as
(A) irrelevant to a discussion of the origins of the modern multinational corporation
(B) interesting but ultimately too unusually to be good subjects for economic study
(C) analogues of nineteenth-century British trading firms


(D) rudimentary and very early forms of the modern multinational corporation
為什麼D不對? primitive = rudimentary ;
另外, The modern multinational corporation is described(作者進場敘述別人的看法) as having originated when the owner-managers of nineteenth-century British firms carrying on international trade were replaced by teams of salaried managers organized into hierarchies. <== 不是描述為現在企業的前身嗎?
答案應該是複選吧? 但是答案只能一個? 我承認A對, 但不懂為什麼D錯?
我看過OG的解釋, 但不能夠說服我, I am confounded.
雖然她說當時的溝通和運輸太原始, 但是也就代表整個早期貿易太原始, 我不懂D為什麼會錯?

我懂了, irrelevant to this discussion : primitive這個討論 ... 等. = ='''
所以無關於運輸和溝通方式太原始, 也無關於交易量很低.


(E) important national institutions because they existed to further the political aims of the governments of their home countries

[chris8888]

The modern multinational corporation is described as having originated when the owner-managers of nineteenth-century British firms carrying on international trade were replaced by teams of salaried managers organized into hierarchies. Increases in the volume of transactions in such firms are commonly believed to have necessitated this structural change. Nineteenth-century inventions like the steamship and the telegraph, by facilitating coordination of managerial activities, are described as key factors. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century chartered trading companies, despite the international scope of their activities, are usually considered irrelevant to this discussion: 往前找this discussion的指代 the volume of their transactions is assumed to have been too low and the communications and transport of their day too primitive to make comparisons with modern multinationals interesting.

前面提到現代化多國企業起源於當時 ....
後面就說這個討論, ....是無關的

因此早期的貿易企業被認為是無關於現代化多國企業的起緣.

[小花]

所以閱讀時要把重點放在主旨句
往往是考題點



個人淺見

[chencraig0227]

...One chief agent, answerable to the Court of Directors in London
through the correspondence committee, was appointed with
control over all of the agents on the bay.

(第二段末)請問這句話是甚麼意思嗎??
雖然跟答題沒啥關係....