Prep RC essay 2-7

[autumn713]

Essay #2. 066 (21346-!-item-!-188;#058&00066-00)

The general density dependence model can be applied to explain the founding of specialist firms (those attempting to serve a narrow target market). According to this model, specialist foundings hinge on the interplay between legitimation and competitive forces, both of which are functions of the density (total number) of firms in a particular specialist population. Legitimation occurs as a new type of firm moves from being viewed as unfamiliar to being viewed as a natural way to organize. At low density levels, each founding increases legitimation, reducing barriers to entry and easing subsequent foundings. Competition occurs because the resources that firms seek--customers, suppliers, and employees--are limited, but as long as density is low relative to plentiful resources, the addition of another firm has a negligible impact on the intensity of competition. At high density levels, however, competitive effects outweigh legitimation effects, discouraging foundings. The more numerous the competitors, the fiercer the competition will be and the smaller will be the incentive for new firms to enter the field.

While several studies have found a significant correspondence between the density dependence model and actual patterns of foundings, other studies have found patterns not consistent with the model. A possible explanation for this inconsistency is that legitimation and competitive forces transcend national boundaries, while studies typically restrict their analysis to the national level. Thus a national-level analysis can understate the true legitimation and competitive forces as well as the number of foundings in an industry that is internationally integrated. Many industries are or are becoming international, and since media and information easily cross national borders, so should legitimation and its effects on overseas foundings. For example, if a type of firm becomes established in the United States, that information transcends borders, reduces uncertainties, and helps foundings of that type of firm in other countries. Even within national contexts, studies have found more support for the density dependence model when they employ broader geographic units of analysis--for example, finding that the model's operation is seen more clearly at the state and national levels than at city levels.


Question #7. 066-08 (21530-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-08)

The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) question the validity of an economic model
(B) point out some inconsistencies within an economic model
(C) outline an economic model and suggest revisions to it
(D) describe an economic model and provide specific examples to illustrate its use
(E) explain why an economic model remains valid despite inconsistent research results

Answer E
qustion:
where can we tell from the article that the economic model remains valid?

why not B?

Thanks.

[la-vie]

從最後一句話：Even within national contexts, studies have found more support for the density dependence model when they employ broader geographic units of analysis--for example, finding that the model's operation is seen more clearly at the state and national levels than at city levels.

雖然第二端開始作者提出model的缺點，但是最後用even with轉為positve attitude toward the model.

FYI

[dibert8]

文章結構: I) 提出模型並解釋之, II)發現不盡相容並解釋如何才相容
(A) 不是 question
(B) inconsistencies 只有在第二段開頭提到: too specific
(C) 沒有 suggest revisions
(D) 沒有 examples
(E) 符合文章結構

[kaijen]

Question #5. 066-04 (21438-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-04)

In the second paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with

(A) noting various exceptions to a certain general finding
(B) examining the impact of one type of industry on another
(C) proposing a possible explanation for an inconsistency
(D) providing specific examples of a particular phenomenon
(E) defending the validity of a particular study's conclusions

Ans: (C)
如何得知第二段目的不是(E) 維持該理論的有效性

[dibert8]

Q #5 定位題
II.1 為主旨句: While several studies have found a significant correspondence between the density dependence model and actual patterns of foundings, other studies have found patterns not consistent with the model. A possible explanation ...

有些符合,有些不符合,從作者的語氣並不是很強烈地堅持理論的論點,而是解釋如何才適用,看出作者對理論並不求辯解.

這篇第二段的寫法如果和 OG10 第一篇 (caffeine) 也是最後一段的寫法作比較,可以發現語氣的差別 (OG 那一篇堅持理論是對的: defend; 同樣出現考題, OG10-Q3 :考 contend 什麼來著).

[星動小流氓]

文章結構: I) 提出模型並解釋之, II)發現不盡相容並解釋如何才相容
(A) 不是 question
(B) inconsistencies 只有在第二段開頭提到: too specific
(C) 沒有 suggest revisions
(D) 沒有 examples
(E) 符合文章結構

請問一下主旨題的解法是不是如果無法從首段兩句找出適當的答案,就得透過每段的大意去推論出全文的主旨呢? 因為我習慣主旨題就回文去細看首段前兩句..
或者是有哪位大大可以透過這篇文章首段就可以推出正確答案呢?
感謝大家的回答~

[dibert8]

這是找主旨句的方法,但是主旨句也有機會出現在第二段.所以只看第一段前兩句是蠻危險的.另外,如果第二段來個 however 指望第一段就破功了.

這一篇的主旨句在第二段,第一段要看得出來可能很難.
While several studies have found a significant correspondence between the density dependence model and actual patterns of foundings, other studies have found patterns not consistent with the model. A possible explanation...

[星動小流氓]

這是找主旨句的方法,但是主旨句也有機會出現在第二段.所以只看第一段前兩句是蠻危險的.另外,如果第二段來個 however 指望第一段就破功了.

這一篇的主旨句在第二段,第一段要看得出來可能很難.
While several studies have found a significant correspondence between the density dependence model and actual patterns of foundings, other studies have found patterns not consistent with the model. A possible explanation...

了解 , 也感謝dibert導正我的觀念~

[whoisallan]

Question #6. 066-06 (21484-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-06)

The passage suggests that when a population of specialist firms reaches a high density level, which of the following is likely to occur?

(A) Foundings will decline despite legitimation that has occurred in these industries.(B) Increasing competition will encourage many firms to broaden their target market.
(C) Competition for resources will become stabilized and thus foundings will be encouraged.
(D) Many customers will abandon their loyalty to older firms as more innovative firms enter the market.
(E) Firms will begin to cross national borders in an attempt to gain a competitive advantage.

ANS: A, 請問紅字的部份despite....如何判斷跟定位, 找不太出來

[Philosophia]

Question #6. 066-06 (21484-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-06)
The passage suggests that when a population of specialist firms reaches a high density level, which of the following is likely to occur?
(A) Foundings will decline despite legitimation that has occurred in these industries.
(B) Increasing competition will encourage many firms to broaden their target market.
(C) Competition for resources will become stabilized and thus foundings will be encouraged.
(D) Many customers will abandon their loyalty to older firms as more innovative firms enter the market.
(E) Firms will begin to cross national borders in an attempt to gain a competitive advantage.

ANS: A, 請問紅字的部份despite....如何判斷跟定位, 找不太出來

由題目問 a high density level 知道在 the last two sentences of the first paragraph.
由 outweigh 知道 competitive effects > legitimation effects.

[yinying]

Question #6. 066-06 (21484-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-06)
The passage suggests that when a population of specialist firms reaches a high density level, which of the following is likely to occur?
(A) Foundings will decline despite legitimation that has occurred in these industries.
(B) Increasing competition will encourage many firms to broaden their target market.
(C) Competition for resources will become stabilized and thus foundings will be encouraged.
(D) Many customers will abandon their loyalty to older firms as more innovative firms enter the market.
(E) Firms will begin to cross national borders in an attempt to gain a competitive advantage.

ANS: A, 請問紅字的部份despite....如何判斷跟定位, 找不太出來

由題目問 a high density level 知道在 the last two sentences of the first paragraph.
由 outweigh 知道 competitive effects > legitimation effects.

我還是不懂位什麼位什麼competitive effects > legitimation effects選A



還有想問一下
Question #4. 066-02 (21392-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-02)

According to the passage, which of the following may account for the inconsistency between the general density dependence model and the evidence provided by certain studies of foundings?

(A) Such studies have overemphasized the impact of preexisting firms on the establishment of new firms.
(B) Such studies have not focused strongly enough on the role of competition among newly established firms operating at the city and state levels.
(C) Such studies fail to differentiate among specialist firms with regard to the degree to which they deviate from familiar forms of organization.
(D) Such studies have not taken into account the fact that many industries are internationally integrated.
(E) Such studies have neglected to investigate firms that attempt to serve only a narrow target market.

ans:D

[wolftin[origen]]

Question #6. 066-06 (21484-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-06)
The passage suggests that when a population of specialist firms reaches a high density level, which of the following is likely to occur?
(A) Foundings will decline despite legitimation that has occurred in these industries.
(B) Increasing competition will encourage many firms to broaden their target market.
(C) Competition for resources will become stabilized and thus foundings will be encouraged.
(D) Many customers will abandon their loyalty to older firms as more innovative firms enter the market.
(E) Firms will begin to cross national borders in an attempt to gain a competitive advantage.

ANS: A, 請問紅字的部份despite....如何判斷跟定位, 找不太出來

由題目問 a high density level 知道在 the last two sentences of the first paragraph.
由 outweigh 知道 competitive effects > legitimation effects.

我還是不懂位什麼位什麼competitive effects > legitimation effects選A

At high density levels, however, competitive effects outweigh legitimation effects (=competitive effects > legitimation effects), discouraging foundings(=Foundings will decline ).

還有想問一下
Question #4. 066-02 (21392-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-02)

According to the passage, which of the following may account for the inconsistency between the general density dependence model and the evidence provided by certain studies of foundings?

(A) Such studies have overemphasized the impact of preexisting firms on the establishment of new firms. => not mentioned .
(B) Such studies have not focused strongly enough on the role of competition among newly established firms operating at the city and state levels. =>not mentioned
(C) Such studies fail to differentiate among specialist firms with regard to the degree to which they deviate from familiar forms of organization.
(D) Such studies have not taken into account the fact that many industries are internationally integrated.
(E) Such studies have neglected to investigate firms that attempt to serve only a narrow target market. =>相反，這是學說的研究限制

D=> A possible explanation for this inconsistency is that legitimation and competitive forces transcend national boundaries, while studies typically restrict their analysis to the national level.


ans:D

[yinying]

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