Prep1-16/1-37 /1-40請教題目的重心

[linwenying]

下列這三題我都做錯了,事後看答案就明瞭,但是仍抓不到這種題型到底要問什麼?
到底要從哪裏去evaluate?煩請各位協助!!謝謝!

16. (27621-!-item-!-188;#058&003223)

Most of the world's supply of uranium currently comes from mines. It is possible to extract uranium from seawater, but the cost of doing so is greater than the price that uranium fetches on the world market. Therefore, until the cost of extracting uranium from seawater can somehow be reduced, this method of obtaining uranium is unlikely to be commercially viable.

Which of the following would it be most useful to determine in evaluating the argument?

(A) Whether the uranium in deposits on land is rapidly being depleted
(B) Whether most uranium is used near where it is mined
(C) Whether there are any technological advances that show promise of reducing the cost of extracting uranium from seawater
(D) Whether the total amount of uranium in seawater is significantly greater than the total amount of uranium on land
(E) Whether uranium can be extracted from freshwater at a cost similar to the cost of extracting it from seawater

Ans: A

37. (32356-!-item-!-188;#058&006101)

Capuchin monkeys in Venezuela often rub a certain type of millipede into their fur. Secretions of these millipedes have been shown to contain two chemicals that are potent mosquito repellents, and mosquitoes carry parasites that debilitate the capuchins. The rubbing behavior is rare except during the rainy season, when mosquito populations are at their peak. Therefore, the monkeys probably rub the millipedes into their fur because doing so helps protect them against mosquitoes.

Which of the following would it be most useful to determine in order to evaluate the argument?

(A) Whether the two chemicals provide any protection for the millipedes against their own predators
(B) Whether the type of millipede used by the capuchin monkeys in Venezuela is found in other parts of the world
(C) Whether animals other than capuchins rub insects of any kind into their fur
(D) Whether the only time the millipedes are readily available to the capuchins is during the rainy season
(E) Whether secretions of any other insects accessible to the capuchins contain chemicals that repel mosquitoes

Ans: D

40. (32869-!-item-!-188;#058&006461)

Columnist: People should avoid using a certain artificial fat that has been touted as a resource for those whose medical advisers have advised them to reduce their fat intake. Although the artificial fat, which can be used in place of fat in food preparation, has none of the negative health effects of fat, it does have a serious drawback: it absorbs certain essential vitamins, thereby preventing them from being used by the body.

In evaluating the columnist's position, it would be most useful to determine which of the following?

(A) Whether increasing one's intake of the vitamins can compensate for the effects of the artificial fat
(B) Whether the vitamins that the artificial fat absorbs are present in foods that contain the fat
(C) Whether having an extremely low fat intake for an extended period can endanger the health
(D) Whether there are any foods that cannot be prepared using the artificial fat as a substitute for other fats
(E) Whether people are generally able to detect differences in taste between foods prepared using the artificial fat and foods that are similar except for the use of other fats

Ans: A

[dibert8]

因果句 evaluate 的時候,因果都要符合

16: until the cost of extracting uranium from seawater can somehow be reduced (因), this method of obtaining uranium is unlikely to be commercially viable (果).
(A) yes -- 成為'果'的動機,而促成'因', no -- 維持現狀
(B) 無關於 location
(C) yes -- 滿足'因',但是沒有'果'的動機(i.e. 按兵不動也無所謂), no -- 維持現狀 => yes/no 看不出差別
(D) 無關於 amount (夠用就無須改變現狀)
(E) 無關於 freshwater

[dibert8]

37: the monkeys probably rub the millipedes into their fur because doing so helps protect them against mosquitoes.

(A) 無關於 predators
(B) 無關於 other parts of the world
(C) other than capuchins 離題
(D) yes -- millipedes 才能及時發揮功用, no -- millipedes 不能及時發揮功用 (i.e. rainy season 沒有 millipedes, 猴子就必須找其它方案)
(E) 有其它方案,就無法確認 millipedes 的功能是不是 'against mosquitoes'.

[dibert8]

40: it absorbs certain essential vitamins, thereby preventing them from being used by the body.

(A) yes -- absorb 存在, prevent 降低; no -- 因果不存在 (e.g. 另有它因)
(B) 滿足'因' (absorb) ,不見得造成'果' (prevent)
(C) 無關於 low
(D) substitute 離題
(E) 無關於 taste

[Arlene]

37)

我對於(D)的解釋不太一樣，大家看看囉！

(D) Whether the only time the millipedes are readily available to the capuchins is during the rainy season

若一年四季都有millipedes，在雨季的時候rub，可見是因為蚊子的關係，不然幹嘛不每個季節都來rub一下
如果只有在雨季的時候有millipedes，不一定是要用來防蚊，可能避免雨季毛皮容易弄濕之類的。（兩件事同時發生不一定有因果）

[linwenying]

謝謝各位 很有幫助!

[autumn713]

因果句 evaluate 的時候,因果都要符合

16: until the cost of extracting uranium from seawater can somehow be reduced (因), this method of obtaining uranium is unlikely to be commercially viable (果).
(A) yes -- 成為'果'的動機,而促成'因', no -- 維持現狀
(B) 無關於 location
(C) yes -- 滿足'因',但是沒有'果'的動機(i.e. 按兵不動也無所謂), no -- 維持現狀 => yes/no 看不出差別
(D) 無關於 amount (夠用就無須改變現狀)
(E) 無關於 freshwater

我還是有點問題ㄟ
(A) Whether the uranium in deposits on land is rapidly being depleted
如果陸地上面的大量減少 那不管海裡面的成本多高 我都得去採 所以還是會commercially viable.
(B) Whether most uranium is used near where it is mined
大部分被用的 U是不是在他被藏的附近
B好像也有點道理ㄟ 如果把運費考慮進去的話 那就算extracting uranium from seawater的成本高好了 加上運費搞不好還是比extracting uranium from mines 便宜 對吧 這樣就成立了 可以評估

為什麼不型選?
謝謝大家

[anthonylee]

37)

我對於(D)的解釋不太一樣，大家看看囉！

(D) Whether the only time the millipedes are readily available to the capuchins is during the rainy season

若一年四季都有millipedes，在雨季的時候rub，可見是因為蚊子的關係，不然幹嘛不每個季節都來rub一下
如果只有在雨季的時候有millipedes，不一定是要用來防蚊，可能避免雨季毛皮容易弄濕之類的。（兩件事同時發生不一定有因果）

同意:

文中提到只有雨季時,rubbing behavior才會很頻繁,推論是millipedes能夠幫助驅蚊
選項(D)的答案中提到是否只有雨季時millipedes才容易獲得=>
if yes, 代表在雨季時的rubbing behavior是因為millipedes容易獲得的關係,與驅蚊效果無直接關連(weaken結論)
if no, 代表在雨季時rub the millipedes就是因為雨季蚊子多的關係,所以要使用它來驅蚊,因為其他季節少見rubbing behavior(support結論)

[vantreal]

(B) Whether most uranium is used near where it is mined
大部分被用的 U是不是在他被藏的附近
B好像也有點道理ㄟ 如果把運費考慮進去的話 那就算extracting uranium from seawater的成本高好了 加上運費搞不好還是比extracting uranium from mines 便宜 對吧 這樣就成立了 可以評估

為什麼不型選?
謝謝大家

B我覺得out of scope,
因為題目只有談到extract from mines and extract from seawater的成本問題,
在哪裡使用和extract本身並沒有關聯,
而且運費也可能只是其他成本中佔的小部分而已.

[foric0822]

37)

我對於(D)的解釋不太一樣，大家看看囉！

(D) Whether the only time the millipedes are readily available to the capuchins is during the rainy season

若一年四季都有millipedes，在雨季的時候rub，可見是因為蚊子的關係，不然幹嘛不每個季節都來rub一下
如果只有在雨季的時候有millipedes，不一定是要用來防蚊，可能避免雨季毛皮容易弄濕之類的。（兩件事同時發生不一定有因果）

同意:

文中提到只有雨季時,rubbing behavior才會很頻繁,推論是millipedes能夠幫助驅蚊
選項(D)的答案中提到是否只有雨季時millipedes才容易獲得=>
if yes, 代表在雨季時的rubbing behavior是因為millipedes容易獲得的關係,與驅蚊效果無直接關連(weaken結論)
if no, 代表在雨季時rub the millipedes就是因為雨季蚊子多的關係,所以要使用它來驅蚊,因為其他季節少見rubbing behavior(support結論)

再補充一些個人的體會，
在推論中將猴子的行為與其發生的時間（雨季）與
另一個事件（蚊子族群在雨季時很大）作連結
evaluate就是要針對推論點去作評估，
所以此類型題目結論其實對解題不重要，
重要的是抓緊推論的重點，
所以在評估的時候一定要推論重點的關係放進去才容易是正確答案
迷惑選項E中，其實與推論一點關係也沒有，因為他著重的是chemical的有無，
而chemical只是背景資料，沒有在推論過程中。

[vitality2008]

結論: People should avoid using a certain artificial fat
因為: 人造脂肪會阻止某種维他命吸收

為了evaluate上述論點, (A)是否可以增加vitamin的攝取, 就可以彌補vitamin攝取的不足 符合evaluate的要求
如果(A)成立, 多攝取vitiman就行了, 不用avoid using a certain artificial fat
反之,若(A)不成立, 就必須要avoid using a certain artificial fat