Social learning in animals is said to occur when direct or indirect social interaction facilitates the acquisition of a novel(new) behavior.[/color[color=green]](動物有學習效果) It usually takes the form of an experienced animal (the demonstrator)對照組 performing a behavior such that the naïve animal (the observer)實驗組 subsequently expresses the same behavior sooner, or more completely, than it would have otherwise. One example of social learning is the acquisition of preferences for novel foods. Some experiments have suggested that among mammals, social learning facilitates the identification of beneficial food items, but that among birds, social learning helps animals avoid toxic substances.
Example(food): mammals ~ beneficial (contrast) avian ~toxic
For example, one study showed that when red-wing blackbirds observed others consuming a colored food (30) or a food in a distinctly marked container and then becoming ill, they subsequently avoided food associated with that color (35) or container. Another experiment showed that house sparrows consumed less red food after they observed others eating (40) red food that was treated so as to be noxious. Studies on non-avian species have not produced similar results, leading researchers to speculate that avian social learning may be fundamentally different from that of mammals.
在舉兩小例說明 avian的學習效果 提出結論
mammals / avian 在學習效果上有根本上的不同
But Sherwin's recent (50) experiments with domestic hens do not support the notion that avian social learning necessarily facilitates aversion to novel (55) foods that are noxious or toxic. S’s實驗avian是否對toxic有學習效果
Even when demonstrator hens reacted with obvious disgust to a specific food, via vigorous head (60) shaking and bill wiping, there was no evidence that observers subsequently avoided eating that food. Sherwin's research team speculated that ecological or social constraints during the evolution of this species might have resulted in there being little benefit from the social learning of atability, for instance, selective pressures for this mode of learning would be reduced if the birds rarely encountered noxious or toxic food or rarely interacted after eating such food, or if the consequences of ingestion were minimal.
實驗結果:[N]
提出沒有學習效果原因: 1少遇到toxic 2 由mammals展現(80) In a related experiment the same researchers showed that if observer hens watched demonstrator hens react favorably to food of a particular color, then observer hens ate more food of that color than they ate of food of other colors. These results confirmed that avian species can develop preferences for palatable food through social learning.
實驗:hen(實驗組) 對 particular color food 有反應
結論: avian 對 palatable food有學習效果
28-3: The primary purpose of the passage is to discuss the
A: techniques used in certain experiments on social learning in birds 非techniques
B: reasons for the differences between social learning in birds and in mammals too detail
C: question of how social learning manifests itself in birds
D: basis for a widespread belief about a difference in behavior between birds and mammals M/A不同非討論重點
E: possible reasons why birds may or may not learn from each other in a particular way 通篇提到
28-4: missing
28-5: According to the passage, which of the following is true of the experiments on domestic hens conducted by Sherwin’s research team? (第二段內容)
A: Only a small number of observer hens appeared to learn to avoid food that was demonstrated by other hens to be noxious.
跟TOXIC無關
B: Observer hens ingested food preferentially only after numerous instances of witnessing demonstrator hens preferentially ingest that type of food. 跟次數無關
C: Observer hens appeared unable to recognize when demonstrator hens found a particular food especially palatable. 相反
D: Observer hens appeared unable to recognize when demonstrator hens found a particular food especially palatable. 相反
E: Demonstrator hens altered their behavior less obviously in response to noxious foods than in response to highly palatable foods.
28-6: It can be inferred that the author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the results of the recent experiments conducted by Sherwin’s research team?第二段
A: The experiments demonstrate that social learning in avian species facilitates the identification of noxious or toxic foods.相反
B: The experiments suggest that social learning has made avian species less adept than nonavian species at learning
to prefer beneficial foods and avoid noxious and toxic foods.
第一段
C: The experiments undermine the notion that most avian species have evolved in environments where there is little benefit to the social learning of unpalatability.
沒有提到
D: The experiments suggest that the acquisition of food preferences in avian species is largely unaffected by social learning.有影響 第二段第二個實驗
E: The experiments show that social learning in avian species can promote the preferential consumption of beneficial foods but do not support the claim that social learning in avian species promotes the avoidance of noxious or toxic foods. 第二段兩個結論
據說參考答案是 3E 5E 6E
自問自答啦