[討論]OG Passage20-biology

[Grace]

Passage 20
Although genetic mutations(突變) in bacteria and viruses
can lead to epidemics,(轉折) some epidemics are caused by
bacteria and viruses that have undergone no significant
genetic change. In analyzing the latter, scientists have
(5) discovered the importance of social and ecological fac-
tors to epidemics. Poliomyelitis, for example, emerged
as an epidemic in the United States in the twentieth
century; by then(twentieth century), modern sanitation was able to delay
exposure to polio until adolescence or adulthood, at
(10) which time polio infection produced paralysis. Previ-
ously, infection had occurred during infancy, when it
typically provided lifelong immunity without paralysis (麻痺).
Thus, the hygiene(=sanitation) that helped prevent typhoid(傷寒症) epidemics
indirectly fostered a paralytic polio epidemic. Another
(15) example is Lyme disease, which is caused by bacteria
that are transmitted by deer ticks(壁蚤). It occurred only spo-
radically(偶發地)during the late nineteenth century but has
recently become prevalent in parts of the United States,
largely due to (表原因)an increase in the deer population that
(20) occurred simultaneously with the growth of the suburbs
and increased outdoor recreational activities in the
deer’s habitat(居住處). Similarly (ecological factor), an outbreak of dengue hemor-
rhagic fever became an epidemic in Asia in the 1950’s
because of ecological changes that caused Aedes aegypti,
(25) the mosquito that transmits the dengue virus, to proliferate(繁殖)
The stage(階段時期:與上句情形對應) is now set in the United States for a
dengue epidemic because of the inadvertent(不注意的) introduction
and wide dissemination (散播)of another mosquito, Aedes
albopictus.

總結: 表述 social and ecological factor 對於epidemic infection的重要性 (no genetic mutation.),
舉出3個例子說明: 1. Poliomyelitis (social) 2. Lyme disease (ecological) 3. dengue hemor-
rhagic fever (ecological)


作者態度用詞 Although, importance, previously, typically, indirectly foster, but, largely due to, similarly, because of, inadvertent, until,
Choice of word Undergo, sanitation, hygiene, caused by, simultaneously, outbreak, proliferate, stage, dissemination
對比 *Thus, the hygiene that helped prevent typhoid(傷寒症) epidemics
indirectly fostered a paralytic polio epidemic.
*adulthood produce paralysis (Line 10)
infancywithout paralysis (Line 12)
因果 *largely due to (表原因)an increase in the deer population that occurred simultaneously with the growth of the suburbs and increased outdoor recreational activities in the deer’s habitat.

*because of the inadvertent(不注意的) introduction and wide dissemination (散播)of another mosquito, Aedes albopictus.

* Lyme disease, which is caused by bacteria that are transmitted by deer ticks.
假設

文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Example/ explain
Attitude
36. critical
37. questioning
38. objective(neutral)\subjective
39. enthusiastic
40. approval\disapproval neutral

119. The passage suggests that a lack of modern sanitation
would make which of the following most likely to
occur?
(A) An outbreak of Lyme disease (irrelevent)
(B) An outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever
(C) An epidemic of typhoid
(D) An epidemic of paralytic polio among infants (Line 12 without paralysis)
(E) An epidemic of paralytic polio among adolescents (delay exposure)
and adults

120. According to the passage, the outbreak of dengue
hemorrhagic fever in the 1950’s occurred for which of
the following reasons?
(A) The mosquito Aedes aegypti was newly introduced
into Asia.
(B) The mosquito Aedes aegypti became more
numerous.
(C) The mosquito Aedes albopictus became infected
with the dengue virus. (occur in USA )
(D) Individuals who would normally acquire immunity
to the dengue virus as infants were not infected until
later in life.
(E) More people began to visit and inhabit areas in
which mosquitos live and breed. (deer)

121. It can be inferred from the passage that Lyme disease
has become prevalent in parts of the United States
because of which of the following?
(A) The inadvertent introduction of Lyme disease
bacteria to the United States (Aedes aegypti)
(B) The inability of modern sanitation methods to
eradicate Lyme disease bacteria (Poliomyelistis)
(C) A genetic mutation in Lyme disease bacteria that
makes them more virulent
(D) The spread of Lyme disease bacteria from infected
humans to noninfected humans
(E) An increase in the number of humans who encounter
deer ticks

122. Which of the following can most reasonably be
concluded about the mosquito Aedes albopictus on the
basis of information given in the passage?
(A) It is native to the United States. (inadvertent introduction)
(B) It can proliferate only in Asia. (proliferate in US)
(C) It transmits the dengue virus.
(D) It caused an epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever
in the 1950’s.
(E) It replaced Aedes aegypti in Asia when ecological
changes altered Aedes aegypti’s habitat.

123. Which of the following best describes the organization
of the passage?
(A) A paradox is stated, discussed and left unresolved.
(B) Two opposing explanations are presented, argued,
and reconciled.
(C) A theory is proposed and is then followed by
descriptions of three experiments that support the
theory.
(D) A generalization(歸納) is stated and is then followed by
three instances that support the generalization.
(E) An argument is described and is then followed by
three counterexamples that refute the argument.

124. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen
the author’s assertion about the cause of the Lyme
disease outbreak in the United States?
(A) The deer population was smaller in the late
nineteenth century than in the mid-twentieth century.
(B) Interest in outdoor recreation began to grow in the
late nineteenth century.
(C) In recent years the suburbs have stopped growing.
(D) Outdoor recreation enthusiasts routinely take
measures to protect themselves against Lyme
disease.
(E) Scientists have not yet developed a vaccine that can
prevent Lyme disease.


作者態度用詞
Choice of word
對比 119, 122
因果 120, 121, 124
假設
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea
Attitude
41. critical
42. questioning
43. objective (neutrality)\subjecitce
44. enthusiastic
45. approval\disapproval