Passage 44(women)(難題)
In the seventeenth-century Florentine textile industry, women were employed primarily in low-paying, low-skill jobs. To explain this segregation of labor by gender, economists have relied on the useful theory of human capital. According to this theory, investment in human capital-the acquisition of difficult job-related skills-generally benefits individuals by making them eligible to engage in well-paid occupations. Women’s role as child bearers, however, results in interruptions in their participation in the job market (as compared with men’s) and thus reduces their opportunities to acquire training for highly skilled work. In addition, the human capital theory explains why there was a high concentration of women workers in certain low-skill jobs, such as weaving, but not in others, such as combing or carding, by positing (assume) that because of their primary responsibility in child rearing (bear) women took occupations that could be carried out in the home.
There were, however, differences in pay scales that cannot be explained by the human capital theory(薪資不同不能完全解釋human capital theory). For example, male construction workers were paid significantly higher wage than female taffeta weavers. The wage difference between these two low-skill occupations stems from the segregation of labor by gender: because a limited number of occupations were open to women, there was a large supply of workers in their fields, and this “overcrowding” resulted in women receiving lower wages and men receiving higher wages.
OG48-44(social science)(women)
版主: shpassion, Traver0818
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OG48-44(social science)(women)
由 agk99 » 2004-09-24 01:41
- agk99
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由 agk99 » 2004-09-24 01:42
本題三題都有困難，有誰可以助一臂之力嗎
*265. The passage suggests that combing and carding differ from weaving in that combing and carding are
(A) low-skill jobs performed by primarily by women employees
(B) low-skill jobs that were not performed in the home
(C) low-skill jobs performed by both male and female employees
(D) high-skill jobs performed outside the home
(E) high-skill jobs performed by both male and female employees
答案給B
*266. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the explanation provided by the human capital theory for women’s concentration in certain occupations in seventeenth-century Florence?
(A) Women were unlikely to work outside the home even in occupations whose hours were flexible enough to allow women to accommodate domestic tasks as well as paid labor.
(B) Parents were less likely to teach occupational skills to their daughters than they were to their sons.
(C) Women’s participation in the Florentine paid labor force grew steadily throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
(D) The vast majority of female weavers in the Florentine wool industry had children.
(E) Few women worked as weavers in the Florentine silk industry, which was devoted to making cloths that required a high degree of skill to produce.
答案給A
*267. The author of the passage would be most likely to describe the explanation provided by the human capital theory for the high concentration of women in certain occupations in the seventeenth-century Florence textile industry as
(A) well founded though incomplete
(B) difficult to articulate
(C) plausible but poorly substantiated
(D) seriously flawed
(E) contrary to recent research
答案給A
*265. The passage suggests that combing and carding differ from weaving in that combing and carding are
(A) low-skill jobs performed by primarily by women employees
(B) low-skill jobs that were not performed in the home
(C) low-skill jobs performed by both male and female employees
(D) high-skill jobs performed outside the home
(E) high-skill jobs performed by both male and female employees
答案給B
*266. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the explanation provided by the human capital theory for women’s concentration in certain occupations in seventeenth-century Florence?
(A) Women were unlikely to work outside the home even in occupations whose hours were flexible enough to allow women to accommodate domestic tasks as well as paid labor.
(B) Parents were less likely to teach occupational skills to their daughters than they were to their sons.
(C) Women’s participation in the Florentine paid labor force grew steadily throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
(D) The vast majority of female weavers in the Florentine wool industry had children.
(E) Few women worked as weavers in the Florentine silk industry, which was devoted to making cloths that required a high degree of skill to produce.
答案給A
*267. The author of the passage would be most likely to describe the explanation provided by the human capital theory for the high concentration of women in certain occupations in the seventeenth-century Florence textile industry as
(A) well founded though incomplete
(B) difficult to articulate
(C) plausible but poorly substantiated
(D) seriously flawed
(E) contrary to recent research
答案給A
- agk99
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由 訪客 » 2004-09-24 12:18
Passage 44
In the seventeenth-century Florentine textile industry, women were employed primarily in
low-paying, low-skill jobs. To explain this segregation of labor by gender, economists have relied
on the useful theory of human capital. According to this theory, investment in human capital--the
acquisition of difficult job-related skills(告訴你什麼是human capital)-- generally benefits individuals by(表方法) making them eligible to
engage in well-paid occupations. Women’s role as child bearers, however, results in interruptions
in their participation in the job market (as compared with men’s) and thus(表結果) reduces their
opportunities to acquire training for highly skilled work. In addition(表補充說明), the human capital theory
explains why there was a high concentration of women workers in certain(表不是所有行業皆如此) low-skill jobs, such as
weaving, but not in others, such as combing or carding, by(表方法) positing that because of their primary
responsibility in child rearing women took occupations that could be carried out in the home.
總結:作者根據human capital theory來說明造成女人低薪資的主要原因來自於child bearing
*時間點變化及關聯性
*因果關係,由因推果or由果推因 Human capital
child bearer=> interruptions in their participation in the job market=> reduces their opportunities to acquire training for highly skilled work
*注意指示代名詞的指稱
*代表作者想法的理論跟另外作者想削落的理論的關係
*同一句子包含兩種以上理論,須注意其細節題
*compare/contrast low-paying, low-skill, well-paid
作者態度用詞 Useful, primarily, generally, highly, high, posit, primary, benefits, certain
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Explain why woman always got low-paid in 17th century
Attitude
1. critical
2. questioning
3. objective (neutrality)\subjecitce
4. enthusiastic
5. approval\disapproval neutral
轉折語氣
choice of word Primary,segregation,interruption,benefit,acquisition(經由學習而獲得),acquire, certain
Opposite
Relation
There were, however(轉折), differences in pay scales that cannot be explained by the human capital
theory. For example, male construction workers were paid significantly higher wage than female
taffeta weavers. The wage difference between these two low-skill occupations stems from(起源於) the
segregation of labor by gender: because a limited number of occupations were open to women,
there was a large supply of workers in their fields, and this “overcrowding” resulted in women
receiving lower wages and men receiving higher wages.
總結:反駁human capital的論點,作者在同樣是low-skill的假設下,用男跟女做比較,指出女的職業是limited,但供給是large的,所以造成overcrowding
*時間點變化及關聯性
*因果關係,由因推果or由果推因 Limited occupation+large supply of worker=>overcrowding
*注意指示代名詞的指稱
*代表作者想法的理論跟另外作者想削落的理論的關係
*同一句子包含兩種以上理論,須注意其細節題 The wage difference between these two low-skill occupations stems from(起源於) the
segregation of labor by gender
*compare/contrast
作者態度用詞 Cannot, significantly, low-skill, limited, overcrowding,result in
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Refute human capital theory
Attitude
6. critical
7. questioning
8. objective (neutrality)\subjecitce
9. enthusiastic
10. approval\disapproval critical
轉折語氣 However, between,stem from, low-skill, limited, overcrowding,result in,large
choice of word
265. The passage suggests that combing and carding(factory) differ from weaving(home) in that combing and carding are
(A) low-skill jobs performed by primarily by women employees
(B) low-skill jobs that were not perfomed in the home
(C) low-skill jobs performed by both male and female employees
(D) high-skill jobs performed outside the home
(E) high-skill jobs performed by both male and female employees
266. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the explanation provided by the human
capital theory for women’s concentration in certain occupations in seventeenth-century Florence?
(Childbear is key point)
(A) Women were unlikely to work outside the home even in occupations whose hourse were
flexible enough to allow women to accommodate domestic tasks as well as paid labor.
(B) Parents were less likely to teach occupational skills to their daughters than they were to
their sons.
(C) Women’s participation in the Florentine paid labor force grew steadily throughout the
xisteenth and seventeenth centuries.
(D) The vast amjority of female weavers in the Florenine wool industry had children.
(E) Few women worked as weavers in the Florentine silk industry, which was devoted to
making cloths that requried a high degree of skill to produce.
267. The author of the passage would be most likely to describe the explanation provided by the
human capital theory for the high concentration of women in certain occupations in the
seventeenth-century Florence textile industry as
(A) well founded though incomplete(the useful theory of human capital)
(B) difficult to arciculate(清楚表達)
(C) plausible but poorly substantiated(具體化)
(D) seriously flawed(too extremely)
(E) contrary to recent research
*時間點變化及關聯性
*因果關係,由因推果or由果推因 266
*注意指示代名詞的指稱
*代表作者想法的理論跟另外作者想削落的理論的關係
*同一句子包含兩種以上理論,須注意其細節題
*compare/contrast 265
作者態度用詞 267
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea
Attitude
11. critical
12. questioning
13. objective (neutrality)\subjecitce
14. enthusiastic
15. approval\disapproval
轉折語氣
choice of word
有關theory的用此描述 267(useful)
In the seventeenth-century Florentine textile industry, women were employed primarily in
low-paying, low-skill jobs. To explain this segregation of labor by gender, economists have relied
on the useful theory of human capital. According to this theory, investment in human capital--the
acquisition of difficult job-related skills(告訴你什麼是human capital)-- generally benefits individuals by(表方法) making them eligible to
engage in well-paid occupations. Women’s role as child bearers, however, results in interruptions
in their participation in the job market (as compared with men’s) and thus(表結果) reduces their
opportunities to acquire training for highly skilled work. In addition(表補充說明), the human capital theory
explains why there was a high concentration of women workers in certain(表不是所有行業皆如此) low-skill jobs, such as
weaving, but not in others, such as combing or carding, by(表方法) positing that because of their primary
responsibility in child rearing women took occupations that could be carried out in the home.
總結:作者根據human capital theory來說明造成女人低薪資的主要原因來自於child bearing
*時間點變化及關聯性
*因果關係,由因推果or由果推因 Human capital
child bearer=> interruptions in their participation in the job market=> reduces their opportunities to acquire training for highly skilled work
*注意指示代名詞的指稱
*代表作者想法的理論跟另外作者想削落的理論的關係
*同一句子包含兩種以上理論,須注意其細節題
*compare/contrast low-paying, low-skill, well-paid
作者態度用詞 Useful, primarily, generally, highly, high, posit, primary, benefits, certain
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Explain why woman always got low-paid in 17th century
Attitude
1. critical
2. questioning
3. objective (neutrality)\subjecitce
4. enthusiastic
5. approval\disapproval neutral
轉折語氣
choice of word Primary,segregation,interruption,benefit,acquisition(經由學習而獲得),acquire, certain
Opposite
Relation
There were, however(轉折), differences in pay scales that cannot be explained by the human capital
theory. For example, male construction workers were paid significantly higher wage than female
taffeta weavers. The wage difference between these two low-skill occupations stems from(起源於) the
segregation of labor by gender: because a limited number of occupations were open to women,
there was a large supply of workers in their fields, and this “overcrowding” resulted in women
receiving lower wages and men receiving higher wages.
總結:反駁human capital的論點,作者在同樣是low-skill的假設下,用男跟女做比較,指出女的職業是limited,但供給是large的,所以造成overcrowding
*時間點變化及關聯性
*因果關係,由因推果or由果推因 Limited occupation+large supply of worker=>overcrowding
*注意指示代名詞的指稱
*代表作者想法的理論跟另外作者想削落的理論的關係
*同一句子包含兩種以上理論,須注意其細節題 The wage difference between these two low-skill occupations stems from(起源於) the
segregation of labor by gender
*compare/contrast
作者態度用詞 Cannot, significantly, low-skill, limited, overcrowding,result in
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Refute human capital theory
Attitude
6. critical
7. questioning
8. objective (neutrality)\subjecitce
9. enthusiastic
10. approval\disapproval critical
轉折語氣 However, between,stem from, low-skill, limited, overcrowding,result in,large
choice of word
265. The passage suggests that combing and carding(factory) differ from weaving(home) in that combing and carding are
(A) low-skill jobs performed by primarily by women employees
(B) low-skill jobs that were not perfomed in the home
(C) low-skill jobs performed by both male and female employees
(D) high-skill jobs performed outside the home
(E) high-skill jobs performed by both male and female employees
266. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the explanation provided by the human
capital theory for women’s concentration in certain occupations in seventeenth-century Florence?
(Childbear is key point)
(A) Women were unlikely to work outside the home even in occupations whose hourse were
flexible enough to allow women to accommodate domestic tasks as well as paid labor.
(B) Parents were less likely to teach occupational skills to their daughters than they were to
their sons.
(C) Women’s participation in the Florentine paid labor force grew steadily throughout the
xisteenth and seventeenth centuries.
(D) The vast amjority of female weavers in the Florenine wool industry had children.
(E) Few women worked as weavers in the Florentine silk industry, which was devoted to
making cloths that requried a high degree of skill to produce.
267. The author of the passage would be most likely to describe the explanation provided by the
human capital theory for the high concentration of women in certain occupations in the
seventeenth-century Florence textile industry as
(A) well founded though incomplete(the useful theory of human capital)
(B) difficult to arciculate(清楚表達)
(C) plausible but poorly substantiated(具體化)
(D) seriously flawed(too extremely)
(E) contrary to recent research
*時間點變化及關聯性
*因果關係,由因推果or由果推因 266
*注意指示代名詞的指稱
*代表作者想法的理論跟另外作者想削落的理論的關係
*同一句子包含兩種以上理論,須注意其細節題
*compare/contrast 265
作者態度用詞 267
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea
Attitude
11. critical
12. questioning
13. objective (neutrality)\subjecitce
14. enthusiastic
15. approval\disapproval
轉折語氣
choice of word
有關theory的用此描述 267(useful)
- 訪客
由 Grace » 2004-09-24 13:02
[/quote]本題三題都有困難，有誰可以助一臂之力嗎
*265. The passage suggests that combing and carding differ from weaving in that combing and carding are
(A) low-skill jobs performed by primarily by women employees
(B) low-skill jobs that were not performed in the home
(C) low-skill jobs performed by both male and female employees
(D) high-skill jobs performed outside the home
(E) high-skill jobs performed by both male and female employees
答案給B
*266. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the explanation provided by the human capital theory for women’s concentration in certain occupations in seventeenth-century Florence?
(A) Women were unlikely to work outside the home even in occupations whose hours were flexible enough to allow women to accommodate domestic tasks as well as paid labor.
(B) Parents were less likely to teach occupational skills to their daughters than they were to their sons.
(C) Women’s participation in the Florentine paid labor force grew steadily throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
(D) The vast majority of female weavers in the Florentine wool industry had children.
(E) Few women worked as weavers in the Florentine silk industry, which was devoted to making cloths that required a high degree of skill to produce.
答案給A
*267. The author of the passage would be most likely to describe the explanation provided by the human capital theory for the high concentration of women in certain occupations in the seventeenth-century Florence textile industry as
(A) well founded though incomplete
(B) difficult to articulate
(C) plausible but poorly substantiated
(D) seriously flawed
(E) contrary to recent research
答案給A
*265. The passage suggests that combing and carding differ from weaving in that combing and carding are
(A) low-skill jobs performed by primarily by women employees
(B) low-skill jobs that were not performed in the home
(C) low-skill jobs performed by both male and female employees
(D) high-skill jobs performed outside the home
(E) high-skill jobs performed by both male and female employees
答案給B
*266. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the explanation provided by the human capital theory for women’s concentration in certain occupations in seventeenth-century Florence?
(A) Women were unlikely to work outside the home even in occupations whose hours were flexible enough to allow women to accommodate domestic tasks as well as paid labor.
(B) Parents were less likely to teach occupational skills to their daughters than they were to their sons.
(C) Women’s participation in the Florentine paid labor force grew steadily throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
(D) The vast majority of female weavers in the Florentine wool industry had children.
(E) Few women worked as weavers in the Florentine silk industry, which was devoted to making cloths that required a high degree of skill to produce.
答案給A
*267. The author of the passage would be most likely to describe the explanation provided by the human capital theory for the high concentration of women in certain occupations in the seventeenth-century Florence textile industry as
(A) well founded though incomplete
(B) difficult to articulate
(C) plausible but poorly substantiated
(D) seriously flawed
(E) contrary to recent research
答案給A
265. 請注意以下這句話的解讀:
In addition, the human capital theory explains why there was a high concentration of women workers in certain(表不是所有行業皆如此) low-skill jobs, such as weaving, but not in others, such as combing or carding, by positing that their primary responsibility in child rearing women took occupations that could be carried out in the home.
作者說明了為什麼 women prefer "certain" jobs 的原因,因為child rearing的
responsibility 選擇在家(注意carried out in the home關鍵字)可以做的工作可以履行 chid rearing 的responsibility. 由此可知combing and carding這種類型的工作沒法在家做 所以women不偏好.
266.這提考的是邏輯weaken 的概念.
women之所以會prefer在家工作的原因是能夠照顧小孩及打理家務, 而在外工作就沒辦法, 因此如果把這個重要因素去除即可weaken 作者的explaination. 答案A women 就算在外工作也可以照顧小孩及打理家務,也不願意選擇在外工作, 此點表示 women不要在外工作的因素不只有照顧小孩而已, 還有其他因素
267. 請注意文章的第四行 用useful (表作者態度的關鍵字) 來形容human capital, 由此可以作者對human captial 是持positive的看法的, 因此答案c 和d
用強烈criticize 的字言 來形容這個theory 是必需要優先刪掉的答案. 再來第二段提到human captial cannot explain differences in pay scales, 則點出了他不足之處. 因此答案選A
- Grace
- 中級會員
- 文章: 171
- 註冊時間: 2004-08-25 21:42
- 來自: Kaohsiung
由 agk99 » 2004-11-30 03:23
267. The author of the passage would be most likely to describe the explanation provided by the human capital theory for the high concentration of women in certain occupations in the seventeenth-century Florence textile industry as
(A) well founded though incomplete
(B) difficult to articulate
(C) plausible but poorly substantiated
(D) seriously flawed
(E) contrary to recent research
即便是文章看到要會背了，作主題類型題目，該錯還是照錯
我要問的是267題
其實作者態度當然是positive
那選A不會有點心虛嗎，這可是positive but negative
(A) well founded though incomplete
(B) difficult to articulate
(C) plausible but poorly substantiated
(D) seriously flawed
(E) contrary to recent research
即便是文章看到要會背了，作主題類型題目，該錯還是照錯
我要問的是267題
其實作者態度當然是positive
那選A不會有點心虛嗎，這可是positive but negative
- agk99
- 超級版主
- 文章: 3109
- 註冊時間: 2004-08-24 22:12
- 來自: Shenzhen, China
由 agk99 » 2004-11-30 03:29
幾個禮拜沒看這一篇，閱讀速度是提升很多，特別是當時錯的第265題，我覺得就像是Grace 說的一般，只要讀通這句，就全部解決
In addition, the human capital theory explains why there was a high concentration of women workers in certain low-skill jobs, such as weaving, but not in others, such as combing or carding, by positing (assume) that because of their primary responsibility in child rearing (bear) women took occupations that could be carried out in the home.
也就是說，這是指婦女在所有的low-skill的各項工作中相比，其中weaving是在家做的，而combing and carding則不是在家做的
至於266 也就沒什麼了，因為文章主旨就是強調婦女不出去工作，不是找不到工作喔，而是為了照顧小孩，266 題指名找weaken，那麼選A，也就是說即便是工作的老闆允許他們也在上班時間處理自己家務，還是不願出去工作，當然有weaken的效果。
In addition, the human capital theory explains why there was a high concentration of women workers in certain low-skill jobs, such as weaving, but not in others, such as combing or carding, by positing (assume) that because of their primary responsibility in child rearing (bear) women took occupations that could be carried out in the home.
也就是說，這是指婦女在所有的low-skill的各項工作中相比，其中weaving是在家做的，而combing and carding則不是在家做的
至於266 也就沒什麼了，因為文章主旨就是強調婦女不出去工作，不是找不到工作喔，而是為了照顧小孩，266 題指名找weaken，那麼選A，也就是說即便是工作的老闆允許他們也在上班時間處理自己家務，還是不願出去工作，當然有weaken的效果。
- agk99
- 超級版主
- 文章: 3109
- 註冊時間: 2004-08-24 22:12
- 來自: Shenzhen, China
由 micht » 2004-12-01 00:14
266 我的看法是
Human Capital Theory: Whomen's role as child bearers, however, results in interruptions in their participation in the job market..因為女性有帶小孩子的責任 所以她們的工作機會少了
A說 女性仍無法出去外面工作~即使 工作環境很flexible 她們可以同時兼顧好母親ㄉ角色
因此=>否定上面的說法 是小孩的關係讓他們工作機會少 而是另有其因 ie) 女性種族歧視
Human Capital Theory: Whomen's role as child bearers, however, results in interruptions in their participation in the job market..因為女性有帶小孩子的責任 所以她們的工作機會少了
*266. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the explanation provided by the human capital theory for women’s concentration in certain occupations in seventeenth-century Florence?
要Weaken它
只要表示 並不是帶小孩的關係 導致她們工作機會少
(A) Women were unlikely to work outside the home even in occupations whose hours were flexible enough to allow women to accommodate domestic tasks as well as paid labor.
A說 女性仍無法出去外面工作~即使 工作環境很flexible 她們可以同時兼顧好母親ㄉ角色
因此=>否定上面的說法 是小孩的關係讓他們工作機會少 而是另有其因 ie) 女性種族歧視
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micht - 白金會員
- 文章: 3276
- 註冊時間: 2004-09-27 12:13
由 stwang » 2005-04-25 02:56
micht \$m[1]:267 的卻是Postive but Negative
看最後一段
There were, however, differences in pay scales that cannot (-)be explained by the human capital theory
(+) However, (-)
在However之前作者都是postive的看法
However之後則表 negative
(A)well founded though incomplete
我怎麼覺得這個是Negative but Positive
如果是Positive but Negatibe
那為什麼(C)plausible but poorly substantiated不行呢
難道是因為文章有舉例 選項說他少了實例證明而錯誤嗎
請各位大大指教
- stwang
- 初級會員
- 文章: 65
- 註冊時間: 2005-01-14 17:08
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