OG48-37(science)(化石比較那題)

[agk99]

Passage 37(考古類)

A recent study has provided clues to predator-prey dynamics in the late Pleistocene era. Researchers compared the number of tooth fractures in present-day carnivores with tooth fractures in carnivores(肉食動物) that lived 36,000 to 10,000 years ago and that were preserved in the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles. The breakage frequencies in the extinct(滅絕) species were strikingly higher than those in the present-day species.
第一段指出，有一些線索可以供研究肉食動物之用，其中之一就是，一萬年前己滅絕的生物，牙齒的缺損比現在的生物來的嚴重

In considering possible explanations for this finding, the researchers dismissed demographic (人口統計)bias because older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples. They rejected preservational bias because a total absence of breakage in two extinct species demonstrated that the fractures were not the result of abrasion(磨損) within the pits. They ruled out local bias because breakage data obtained from other Pleistocene sites were similar to the La Brea data. The explanation they consider most plausible is behavioral differences between extinct and present-day carnivores-in particular, more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey due to more thorough(徹底的) consumption of carcasses(屍體) by the extinct species. Such thorough carcass consumption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, or that there was intense(強烈的) competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft due to relatively high predator densities.
但科學家必非如此接受這個發現，他們不接受demography，也不接受preservational，當然也不接受local的bias，理由分別是不能突出代表，不能證明磨損由....但重點是他們的behavioral difference大大不同。

[agk99]

231. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) present several explanations for a well-known fact
(B) suggest alternative method of resolving a debate
(C) argue in favor of a controversial theory
(D) question the methodology used in a study
(E) discuss the implications of a research finding

主題類型題，很明顯，第一段只是說進行研究，第二段則排斥三種解釋給出唯一一種可能發現，那就是選E最好
主題類型題確實不好選，A(一定沒有一堆解釋)、B(此一發現也不是非正即負型)、C(同B　不選)、D(綜觀本文都是講結果而非實驗本身，就不會選methodology)

232. The passage suggests that, compared with Pleistocene carnivores in other areas, Pleistocene carnivores in the La Brea area
(A) included the same species, in approximately the same proportions
(B) had a similar frequency of tooth fractures
(C) populated the La Brea more densely
(D) consumed their preys more thoroughly
(E) found it harder to obtain sufficiency prey

細節題，直接定位到第16行

233. According to the passage, the researchers believes that the high frequency of tooth breakage in carnivores found at La Brea was caused primarily by
(A) the aging process in individual carnivores
(B) contact between the fossils in the pits
(C) poor preservation of the fossils after they wer removed from the pits
(D) the impact of carnivores’ teeth against the bones of their prey
(E) the impact of carnivores’ teeth against the bones of other carnivores during fights over kills

細節定位，定位回最後一句即可得D

234. The researchers’ conclusion concerning the absence of demographic bias would be most seriously undermined if it were found that
(A) the older as individual carnivore is, the more likely it is to have a large number of tooth fratures
(B) the average age at death of a present-day carnivores is greater than was the average age at death of a Pleistocene carnivore
(C) in Pleistocene carnivore species, older individuals consumed carcasses as thoroughly as idd younger individuals
(D) the methods used to determine animals’ ages in fossile samples tend to misidentify many older individuals as younger individuals
(E) data concerning the ages of fossil samples cannot provide reliable information about behavioral differences between extinct carnivores and present-day carnivores

閱讀邏輯題，講的是若是下列何者正確，就能推翻作者所說" the researcher can dismissed demographic bias because older individuals were not overrepresented" , 但仔細看D，就是將作者說法取非後的換句話說。選D


235. The passage suggests that if the researchers had not found that two extinct carnivore species were free of tooth breakage, the researchers would have concluded that
(A) the difference in breakage frequencies could have been the result of damage to the fossile remains in the La Brea pits
(B) the fossils in other Pleistocene sites could have higher breakage frequencies than do the fossils in the La Brea pits
(C) Pleistocene carnivore species probably behaved very similarly to one another with respect to consumption of carcass
(D) all Pleistocene carnivores species differed behaviorally from present-day carnivore species.
(E) predator desities during the Pleistocene era were extremely high

細節題，請定位至14-15行即可

[agk99]

234. The researchers’ conclusion concerning the absence of demographic bias would be most seriously undermined if it were found that
(A) the older as individual carnivore is, the more likely it is to have a large number of tooth fratures
(B) the average age at death of a present-day carnivores is greater than was the average age at death of a Pleistocene carnivore
(C) in Pleistocene carnivore species, older individuals consumed carcasses as thoroughly as idd younger individuals
(D) the methods used to determine animals’ ages in fossile samples tend to misidentify many older individuals as younger individuals
(E) data concerning the ages of fossil samples cannot provide reliable information about behavioral differences between extinct carnivores and present-day carnivores

其實234有點像饒口令，但我發覺不妨透過這種邏輯來解，原文是說，由於老的個體都有代表性，也就是老的個體牙齒的磨損都較嚴重，所以沒有demographic bias，想要否定，就是從看牙齒的磨損情況，誤以為這是年輕個體，事實上，這是老人，這就是weaken...

[A級垂耳兔]

They rejected preservational bias because a total absence of breakage in two extinct species demonstrated that the fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits.

這句話怎麼看都沒有oher sites的相關字在裡面..... a total absence of breakage in two extinct species 到底再說什麼阿?
two extinct species 到底是哪兩個?
a total absence 到底是什麼?
OG第九題解釋真爛...根本看不出來~~~

[A級垂耳兔]

232. The passage suggests that, compared with Pleistocene carnivores in other areas, Pleistocene carnivores in the La Brea area
(A) included the same species, in approximately the same proportions
(B) had a similar frequency of tooth fractures 怎麼看出來的?不要和我說是在第16行...那裡完全看不出來~~~為何從15~17行可以推論出有other sites??


[/quote]

[kaijen]

232. The passage suggests that, compared with Pleistocene carnivores in other areas, Pleistocene carnivores in the La Brea area
(A) included the same species, in approximately the same proportions
(B) had a similar frequency of tooth fractures 怎麼看出來的?不要和我說是在第16行...那裡完全看不出來~~~為何從15~17行可以推論出有other sites??

[/quote]

They ruled out local bias because breakage data obtained from other Pleistocene sites were similar to the La Brea data.
所以可以得知 這兩個地方 breakage data 無差異

[a-jan]

同PP1 Essay #18

Question #61.
The passage suggests that tooth fractures in Pleistocene carnivores probably tended to occur less frequently

(A) during periods in which more prey were available
(B) at sites distant from the La Brea area
(C) in older individual carnivores
(D) in species that were not preserved as fossils
(E) in species that regularly stole carcasses from other species

ANS: A

請問這跟 prey avaiable 的關系是???
在文章中的最後一段說明到 prey availability was low....
大腦又突然轉不過來...

有人來幫一個小忙.... thanks a lot

[小花]

段一: 有些線索可供研究肉食動物,就是滅種C的牙齒缺損比現代C還嚴重

段二:
1)排除年齡成分布傾向:老的個體的比重沒有較高,因為老的牙齒通常較不好
2)排除保存傾向: 找到兩種牙齒完全沒有損壞的物種(若基地遭破壞,不可能出現完全沒破壞的物種)
3)排除地點傾向: 同時代基地出土的物種均相同

合理解釋: 行為
1) 連骨頭都吃(會讓牙齒受損)
2)過度競爭 ,太多獵食者

[小花]

同PP1 Essay #18

Question #61.
The passage suggests that tooth fractures in Pleistocene carnivores probably tended to occur less frequently

(A) during periods in which more prey were available
(B) at sites distant from the La Brea area
(C) in older individual carnivores
(D) in species that were not preserved as fossils
(E) in species that regularly stole carcasses from other species

ANS: A

請問這跟 prey avaiable 的關系是???
在文章中的最後一段說明到 prey availability was low....
大腦又突然轉不過來...

有人來幫一個小忙.... thanks a lot

這題的確有點不容易 要有想像力
用消去法選出正確答案會比較容易選


Such thorough carcass consumption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, or that there was intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft due to relatively high predator densities.

牙齒缺損的原因是獵物少及太多獵食者
推得 連骨頭都必須吃 才會牙齒少

題目問下列何者會讓牙齒缺損的情況變少
(A)獵物變的容易得到 soC動物就不需餓到連骨頭都吃

[MiniRainbow]

弱弱的問一下

absence of breakage＝free of breakage這樣嗎？

[ad264]

free of pain
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這樣去推，應該你可以瞭解吧

[lranita]

234. The researchers’ conclusion concerning the absence of demographic bias would be most seriously undermined if it were found that

(A) the older as individual carnivore is, the more likely it is to have a large number of tooth fratures

(B) the average age at death of a present-day carnivores is greater than was the average age at death of a Pleistocene carnivore

(C) in Pleistocene carnivore species, older individuals consumed carcasses as thoroughly as idd younger individuals

(D) the methods used to determine animals’ ages in fossile samples tend to misidentify many older individuals as younger individuals

(E) data concerning the ages of fossil samples cannot provide reliable information about behavioral differences between extinct carnivores and present-day carnivores



其實234有點像饒口令，但我發覺不妨透過這種邏輯來解，原文是說，由於老的個體都有代表性，也就是老的個體牙齒的磨損都較嚴重，所以沒有demographic bias，想要否定，就是從看牙齒的磨損情況，誤以為這是年輕個體，事實上，這是老人，這就是weaken...

想再請教一下這題, 雖然我也同意(D)選項是OK的, 但對於(A)選項我就是一直轉不過來
如(A)選項所說....如果在老個體上的確發現較多的tooth fratures
那不就表示肯定了"demographic bias"是對的, 也就是符合題目要求的seriously undermined The researchers’ conclusion concerning the absence of demographic bias 嗎??

......求求誰來給我醍醐灌頂一下啊?! 感激不盡~

[Philosophia]

想再請教一下這題, 雖然我也同意(D)選項是OK的, 但對於(A)選項我就是一直轉不過來
如(A)選項所說....如果在老個體上的確發現較多的tooth fratures
那不就表示肯定了"demographic bias"是對的, 也就是符合題目要求的seriously undermined The researchers’ conclusion concerning the absence of demographic bias 嗎??

......求求誰來給我醍醐灌頂一下啊?! 感激不盡~

文章中是說，在化石樣本中沒有發現太多老人家，所以考古學家排除demographic bias
而 (A) 年齡愈大牙齒的磨損情況愈嚴重　－＞這本來就是考古學家所認定的，但考古學家卻在牙齒磨損的化石樣本中，找不到老人家，只好排除，若能找到很多老人家的化石，那考古學家就不能排除，所以是 support
(D) 化石的年齡判斷錯誤，所以考古學家把找到的老人家誤判為年輕人，也就是本來就有找到，只是年齡誤判，所以排除 demographic bias 是錯誤的，所以是 weaken