Passage 38(General to specific)(social)(women)
During the nineteenth-century, occupational information about women that was provided by the United States census-(人口調查)a population count conducted each decade-became more detailed and precise in response to social changes(越來越細緻並且精準). Through 1840, simple enumeration by household mirrored a home-based agricultural economy and hierarchical social order: the head of the household (presumed male or absent) was specified by name, whereas other household members were only indicated by the total number of persons counted in various categories, including occupational categories. Like farms, most enterprises were family-run, so that the census measured economic activity as an attribute of the entire household, rather than of individuals.
第一段表示,在1840年之前,戶口調查就反映agricultural economy and hierarchical social order,只記錄家庭的主人,其他人則是以數字記錄,企業也是如此,所以當時的調查是以家庭為單位,而不是個人。
The 1850 census, partly responding to antislavery and women’s rights movements, initiated the collection of specific information about each individual in a household. Not until 1870 was occupational information analyzed by gender: the census superintendent reported 1.8 million women employed outside the home in “gainful and reputable occupations.” In addition, he arbitrarily attributed to each family one woman “keeping house.” Overlap between(有考) the two groups was not calculated until 1890, when the rapid entry of women into the paid labor force and social issues arising from industrialization were causing women’s advocates and women statisticians to press for more thorough and accurate accounting of women’s occupations and wages.
1850就有部分是採取以個人方式記錄,而1870年起則以姓別為區分,在家工作在外工作的婦女,即使有overlap,也一併計入。1890後開始計算,特別是女統計家及女領導的加入,讓統計更準確