[討論]OG Passage27-biology

[Grace]

Passage 27
Until recently (時間), scientists did not know of a close verte-
brate analogue to the extreme form of altruism(利他主義) observed in
eusocial insects like (類比)ants and bees, whereby (adv. 藉以) individuals
cooperate, sometimes even (強調)sacrificing their own oppor-
( 5) tunities to survive and reproduce, for the good of others.
However (轉折), such a vertebrate society may(作者語氣) exist among under-
ground colonies of the highly (態度用詞) social rodent(鋸齒類動物) Heterocephalus
glaber, the naked mole rat.

總結: 科學家現今已知道將vertebrate 的altruism form來作類比: 指出 naked mole rat 和ants and bees 一樣同生存在 altruism society




考點預測
*compare/contrast analogue: ants and bees VS. naked mole rate
作者態度用詞 may, highly social, however, even, extreme

文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Compare (analogue)
轉折語氣 However (轉折)
choice of word extreme, even 強調altruism程度
highly social, close analogue, such, like, sometimes
opposite
時間點 * Until recently (時間), scientists did not know of a close verte-
brate analogue to the extreme form of altruism(利他主義) observed in
eusocial insects like (類比)ants and bees 指出以前不知道,現在知道了.




A naked mole rat colony, like a beehive, wasp’s nest, or
(10) termite mound, is ruled by its queen, or reproducing
female. Other adult female mole rats neither ovulate nor
breed. The queen of the largest member of the colony, and
she maintains her breeding status through a mixture of
behavioral and, presumably, chemical control. Queens have
(15) been long-lived(長命的) in captivity ( 囚禁), and when they die or are
removed from a colony one sees violent fighting for breed-
ing status among the larger remaining females, leading to a
takeover by a new queen.
總結: 說明naked mole rate colony 和 beehive, wasp’s nest/ termite mound (屬eusocial insect)一樣是具有高度分工組織(highly social), 由queen來領導
考點預測
*compare/contrast analogue: naked mole rate vs. wasp
作者態度用詞 Presumably表作者認為有可能,但是不確定

文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Compare & Explain
轉折語氣
choice of word like, violent, leading to (表因果)

opposite
時間點


Eusocial insect societies have rigid (嚴謹的)caste (社會階級)systems, each
(20) insects’s role being defined by its behavior, body shape, and
physiology (生理機能). In naked mole rat societies, on the other hand,
differences in behavior are related primarily to reproductive
status (reproduction being limited to the queen and a few
males), body size, and perhaps(作者語氣uncertain) age. Smaller nonbreeding
(25) members, both male and female, seem to participate pri-
marily in gathering food, transporting nest material, and
tunneling. Larger nonbreeders are active in defending the
colony and perhaps (作者語氣uncertain) in removing dirt from the tunnels.
Jarvis’ work has suggested that differences in growth rates
(30)may influence the length of time that an individual performs
a task, regardless of its age.

總結: 指出naked mole rats的society 和 eusocial society 不一樣的地方: insects role and differences in behovior

考點預測
*compare/contrast Contrast: naked mole rate society VS. eusocial insects society
作者態度用詞 *Perhaps, seem to , may uncertain
*Primarily
* regarless of
*作者引用Javis work 來表明自己的想法
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Contrast and Explain
轉折語氣 In naked mole rat societies, on the other hand, differences in behavior are related primarily to reproductive status (reproduction being limited to the queen and a few
males), body size, and perhaps age.
choice of word a few, rigid, define

opposite
Relation * Eusocial insect role defined by behavior, body shape, and physiology
* Naked mole rate, differences in behavior are related primarily to reproductive
status, body size, and perhaps age
* Javis: growth rate may influence length of time that one perform a task.
Growth rate is more important than age.



Cooperative breeding has evolved many times in verte-
-brates, but unlike naked mole rats, most cooperatively
breeding vertebrates (except the wild dog, Lycaon pictus)
(35) are dominated by a pair of breeders rather than by a single
breeding female. The division of labor within social groups
is less pronounced among other vertebrates than among
naked mole rats, colony size is much smaller, and mating
by subordinate females may not be totally suppressed,
(40) whereas(語氣轉折) in naked mole rat colonies subordinate females are
not sexually active, and many never breed.

總結: 指出naked mole rates 和 breeding vertebrates 繁殖的差異性



考點預測
*compare/contrast *Naked mole rats VS cooperatively breeding vertebrates
1. division of labor
2. colony size
3. mating by subordinate females
作者態度用詞 rather than, unlike, whereas, less pronounced, much smaller
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea Contrast and Explain
轉折語氣 whereas, but
choice of word Most, pronounced, except, much, dominated, suppressed, subordinate
opposite
relation *Naked mole rate+ wild dogsingle breeder
Most cooperatively breeding vertebratespair breeder
*Naked mole rate: highly social vertebrate
wild dog: cooperatively breeding vertebrate




160. Which of the following most accurately states the main
idea of the passage?
(A) Naked mole rat colonies are the only known
examples of cooperatively breeding vertebrate
societies.==> 二者不一樣
(B) Naked mole rat colonies exhibit social organization
based on a rigid caste system.
(C) Behavior in naked mole rat colonies may well be
a close vertebrate analogue to behavior in eusocial
insect societies.
(D) The mating habits of naked mole rats differ from
those of any other vertebrate species.
(E) The basis for the division of labor among naked
mole rats is the same as that among eusocial insects.

161. The passage suggests that Jarvis’ work has called into
question which of the following explanatory variables
for naked mole rat behavior?
(A) Size
(B) Age
(C) Reproductive status
(D) Rate of growth
(E) Previously exhibited behavior

162. It can be inferred from the passage that the performance
of tasks in naked mole rat colonies differs from task
performance in eusocial insect societies in which of the
following ways?
(A) In naked mole rat colonies, all (too extreme) tasks ate performed
cooperatively.
(B) In naked mole rat colonies, the performance of
tasks is less rigidly determined by body shape.
(C) In naked mole rat colonies, breeding is limited to
the largest animals.
(D) In eusocial insect societies, reproduction is limited
to a single female.
(E) In eusocial insect societies, the distribution of
tasks is based on body size.

163. According to the passage, which of the following is a
supposition rather than a fact concerning the queen in a
naked mole rat colony?
(A) She is the largest member of the colony.
(B) She exerts chemical control over the colony. (presumably)
(C) She mates with more than one male.
(D) She attains her status through aggression.
(E) She is the only breeding female.

164. The passage supports which of the following inferences
about breeding among Lycaon pictus?
(A) The largest female in the social group does
not maintain reproductive status by means of
behavioral control.
(B) An individual’s ability to breed is related primarily
to its rate of growth.
(C) Breeding is the only task performed by the breeding
female.
(D) Breeding in the social group is not cooperative.
(E) Breeding is not dominated by a single pair of dogs.

165. According to the passage, naked mole rat colonies may differ from all other known vertebrate groups in which
of the following ways?
(A) Naked mole rats exhibit an extreme form of altruism.
(B) Naked mole rats are cooperative breeders.
(C) Among naked mole rats, many males are permitted to breed with a single dominant female.
(D) Among naked mole rats, different tasks are performed at different times in an individual’s life.
(E) Among naked mole rats, fighting results in the selection of a breeding female.

166. One function of the third paragraph of the passage is to
(A) state a conclusion about facts presented in an earlier paragraph
(B) introduce information that is contradicted by information in the fourth paragraph
(C) qualify(negative word) the extent to which two previously mentioned groups might be similar
(D) show the chain of reasoning that led to the conclusions of a specific study
(E) demonstrate that, of three explanatory factors offered, two may be of equal significance
*compare/contrast 162,165
作者態度用詞 161 (perhaps vs regardless of), 163(presumbly)
文章development
1.analysize
2.problem-solution
3.approach
4.data
5.explain
6identify
7.define
8.compare/contrast
9.refute
10.new idea 160
Attitude
11. critical
12. questioning
13. objective (neutrality)\subjecitce
14. enthusiastic
15. approval\disapproval
轉折語氣
choice of word
Opposite
Relation 164,166

[Grace]

key word
anologue,extreme,perhaps,regardless,presumbly

attutude word
perhaps,presumbly=>author does not sure

In biology article, we should forcus on comparison, contrast and relation.

[piyopiyo]

dear all,

I don't understand what Q161. is asking. Can anyone translate it to Chinese? Thank you very much!!!

161. The passage suggests that Jarvis’ work has called into
question which of the following explanatory variables
for naked mole rat behavior?

[dibert8]

call into question: 對...表示懷疑
翻譯起來就是: Jarvis 的研究對以下哪一個參數表示懷疑?
i.e. 哪一個參數在Jarvis 的研究裡是最不需考慮的?

這題比較像是在考題目!

[dibert8]

文章結構:
I) 引出舊(V 不利它) --> 新 (有一種 V 利它: NM rat)
II) 說明什麼是 NMR, 拿 insect 來類比(相同)
III) 再舉例(同中有異),最後 J 有不同見解
IV) V 的相異

160. 主旨題
(A) only 武斷字
(B) too specific
(C) paraphrase topic sentence, line 1
(D) too specific
(E) too specific
=> (C)

161. 推論題
考 J 的不同見解: line 29 => (B)

162. 推論題
考 III) 同中有異的地方, line20: I(B, BSp, P) vs NMR(R, BSz, A)
(A) all 武斷字
(B) NMR 不重 BSp: 正確
(C) breeding 在 II) 跳段
(D) 相同點,不是相異點
(E) 講錯對象: BSz 屬於 NMR
=> (B)

163. 細節題
II) 說明什麼是 NMR, line 14: presumably = supposition
=> (B)

164. 推論題
LP: line 34, 考 except
=> (E)

165. 細節題
V 在 I):舊->新 & IV):相異
all other = 舊 => 考'舊' however '新'的轉折點 = 利它
(A) line 1
(B) 不是:IV) line 32 / other V
(C) 不是:III) line 23 / I; 跳段
(D) J's work: III) 跳段
(E) line 14: II) 跳段
=> (A)

166. 寫作技巧題,考 III) 再舉例(同中有異),
(A) III) 沒有作 conclusion
(B) 整篇文章段落都是承接,沒有 contradict
(C) two groups = I & NMR 同中有異 OK
(D) IV) 也沒有作 conclusion
(E) 沒有 demonstrate
=> (C)

[piyopiyo]

Oh~~~ i see......

Thank you so much for your great explanation, dibert8!!!

[MiniRainbow]

164. 推論題
LP: line 34, 考 except
=> (E)

我知道(E)沒問題
問一下164題的(D)
(D) Breeding in the social group is not cooperative.

根據文章中→most cooperatively breeding vertebrates (except the wild dog, Lycaon pictus)
這句話的意思難道不就是說wild dog, Lycaon pictus：Breeding in the social group is not cooperative這樣嗎？