[討論]OG Passage12-biology

[訪客]

Passage 12
All of the cells in a particular plant start out with the
same complement(補足) of genes. How then can these cells
differentiate and form structures as different as roots,
stems, leaves, and fruits? The answer is that only a
(5) small subset of the genes in a particular kind of cell are
expressed, or turned on, at a given time(某一段時間). (整篇主題句:This is accom-
plished by a complex system of chemical messengers
that in plants include hormones and other regulatory
molecules.) Five major hormones have been identified:
(10) auxin(茁長素), abscisic acid, cytokinin(細胞分裂素), ethylene(乙烯), and gibberel-
lin(赤徽素). Studies of plants have now identified a new class of
regulatory molecules called oligosaccharins.

總結:點出How cell differentiate and form strctures as differnet roots, stems, leaves, and fruits.

Unlike the oligosaccharins, the five well-known plant
hormones are pleiotropic rather than specific, that is,
(15) each has more than one effect on the growth and devel-
opment of plants(explain what is pleiotropic). The five has so many simultaneous
effects that they are not very useful in artificially
controlling the growth of crops. Auxin, for instance,
stimulates the rate of cell elongation(=extend), causes shoots(芽) to
(20) grow up and roots to grow down, and inhibits the
growth of lateral(莖) shoots. Auxin also causes the plant to
develop a vascular(脈管) system, to form lateral roots, and to
produce ethylene(乙烯).
註
1.pleiotropic :A gene exhibiting pleiotropy, i.e., refers to a single gene that affects a range of observable characteristics in an organism.

總結:
1.The five are not useful and take auxin for example to support that.
2.Topic sentence: Unlike the oligosaccharins, the five well-known plant
hormones are pleiotropic rather than specific.
=>infer the oligosaccharins has specific effect on the growth and devel-
opment of plants

The pleiotropy of the five well-studied plant
(25) hormones is somewhat analogous(類似的) to that of certain
hormones in animal. For example, hormones from the
hypothalamus in the brain stimulate the anterior lobe
of the pituitary gland to synthesize and release many
different hormones, one of which stimulates the release
(30) of hormones from the adrenal cortex. These hormones
have specific effects on target organs all over the body.
One hormone stimulates the thyroid gland, for
example, another the ovarian follicle cells, and so forth.
In other words, there is a hierarchy of hormones.

總結:藉由動物的荷爾蒙類似比較,證實植物也有hierachy of hormones

(35) Such a hierarchy may also exist in plants. Oligosac-
charins are fragments of the cell wall released by
enzymes: different enzymes release different oligosac-
charins. There are indications that pleiotropic plant
hormones may actually function by activating the
(40) enzymes that release these other, more specific chemical
messengers from the cell wall.

總結:enzyme=>oligo ,enzyme=>hormones Therefore we know hierarchy may also exist in plants.


67. According to the passage, the five well-known plant hormones are not useful in controlling the growth of crops because
(A) it is not known exactly what functions the hormones perform
(B) each hormone has various effects on plants
(C) none of the hormones can function without the others
(D) each hormone has different effects on different kinds of plants
(E) each hormone works on only a small subset of a cell’s genes at any particular time(at a given time)

68. The passage suggests that the place of hypothalamic hormones in the hormonal hierarchies of animals is similar to the place of which of the following in plants?=>the 3rd. paragragh
(A) Plant cell walls
(B) The complement of genes in each plant cell
(C) A subset of a plant cell’s gene complement
(D) The five major hormones
(E) The oligosaccharins
The pleiotropy of the five well-studied plant
(25) hormones is somewhat analogous(類似的) to that of certain
hormones in animal


69. The passage suggests that which of the following is a function likely to be performed by an oligosaccharin?
(A) To stimulate a particular plant cell to become part of a plant’s root system
(B) To stimulate the walls of a particular cell to produce other oligosaccharins
(C) To activate enzymes that release specific chemical messengers from plant cell walls
(D) To duplicate the gene complement in a particular plant cell
(E) To produce multiple effects on a particular subsystem of plant cells

70. The author mentions specific effects that auxin has on plant development in order to illustrate the(detail)
(A) point that some of the effects of plant hormones can be harmful
(B) way in which hormones are produced by plants
(C) hierarchical nature of the functioning of plant hormones
(D) differences among the best-known plant hormones
(E) concept of pleiotropy as it is exhibited by plant hormones

71. According to the passage, which of the following best describes a function performed by oligosaccharins?
(A) Regulating(=control) the daily functioning of a plant’s cells
(B) Interacting with one another(oligo) to produce different chemicals
(C) Releasing specific chemical messengers from a plant’s cell walls
(D) Producing the hormones that cause plant cells to differentiate to perform different functions
(E) Influencing the development of a plant’s cells by controlling the expression of the cells’ genes

72. The passage suggests that, unlike the pleiotropic hormones, oligosaccharins could be used effectively to
(A) trace the passage(通道) of chemicals through the walls of cells
(B) pinpoint(=discover) functions of other plant hormones
(C) artificially() control specific aspects of the development of crops
(D) alter the complement of genes in the cells of plants
(E) alter the effects of the five major hormones on plant development

Unlike the oligosaccharins, the five well-known plant
hormones are pleiotropic rather than specific, that is,
(15) each has more than one effect on the growth and devel-
opment of plants(explain what is pleiotropic). The five has so many simultaneous
effects that they are not very useful in artificially
controlling the growth of crops
=>we can infer the difference between hormones and oligosaccharins.

[agk99]

哇，mike己經完成，我也得追趕一下
這一篇雖然是生物類型文章，但要是能挺住，並不難解
生物類型文章似乎不只是考英語能力，還考定力與耐心
這一篇我錯68題，歸諸其原因，就是沒有定位清楚

[davidlee0222]

可以參考一下大衛語音教學

http://www.formosamba.com/phpBB3/viewtopi ... 1&start=45

[davidlee0222]

AGK老大~
幫你回在這兒
大家都看的到的啦~

[myron]

71. According to the passage, which of the following best describes a function performed by oligosaccharins?
(A) Regulating(=control) the daily functioning of a plant’s cells
(B) Interacting with one another(oligo) to produce different chemicals
(C) Releasing specific chemical messengers from a plant’s cell walls
(D) Producing the hormones that cause plant cells to differentiate to perform different functions
(E) Influencing the development of a plant’s cells by controlling the expression of the cells’ genes

不太了解為什麼是(E)???
請幫幫忙

[汪汪北鼻]

71. According to the passage, which of the following best describes a function performed by oligosaccharins?
(A) Regulating(=control) the daily functioning of a plant’s cells
(B) Interacting with one another(oligo) to produce different chemicals
(C) Releasing specific chemical messengers from a plant’s cell walls
(D) Producing the hormones that cause plant cells to differentiate to perform different functions
(E) Influencing the development of a plant’s cells by controlling the expression of the cells’ genes

不太了解為什麼是(E)???
請幫幫忙

Neither(A)nor(B) is mentioned.
(C)or (D) is the function of the enzyme
FYR

[小真真]

請問一下這篇是什麼類型的文章呢?我覺得是General to specific類型, 不曉得對不對耶, 還麻煩各位高手解惑一下, 感激~

因為最近才開始整理OG-RC, 也想請問大家,知道各篇是什麼類型文章會很重要嗎?還是會答題就好啦? 希望聽到說它不重要的聲音,不然我好像困在這裡,呵呵!

[魚]

請問一下這篇是什麼類型的文章呢?我覺得是General to specific類型, 不曉得對不對耶, 還麻煩各位高手解惑一下, 感激~

因為最近才開始整理OG-RC, 也想請問大家,知道各篇是什麼類型文章會很重要嗎?還是會答題就好啦? 希望聽到說它不重要的聲音,不然我好像困在這裡,呵呵!

應該不重要吧..呵呵....

只要你能看出是考contrast的類 型文章就行啦 ! 因為這類的文章多半會有文章架構的考點 ! 失分很可惜 ^^

我自己的經驗是: 與其整理文章類型...不如多下工夫在題型的分類上 !

好好檢討 : 蛇麼樣的題目自己一定會失分 ? 在進一步去思考 失分的原因為何 ?

如 : 主旨大意題 如果永遠都做不對的話.... (很嚴重 !) 就要好好想想,自己答題的根據為何 ? 為何會選上錯誤的選項 ? 是態度上判斷錯誤 還是整篇文章根本都沒搞懂 ? 好好判讀每一段落的TS ,在回頭看OG作者老師們的註釋.

猜對不等於了解.對於RC的準備 我覺得真的是在精不在多喔 !!


FYI

[kikisky]

好好檢討 : 蛇麼樣的題目自己一定會失分 ? 在進一步去思考 失分的原因為何 ?

如 : 主旨大意題 如果永遠都做不對的話.... (很嚴重 !) 就要好好想想,自己答題的根據為何 ? 為何會選上錯誤的選項 ? 是態度上判斷錯誤 還是整篇文章根本都沒搞懂 ? 好好判讀每一段落的TS ,在回頭看OG作者老師們的註釋.

猜對不等於了解.對於RC的準備 我覺得真的是在精不在多喔 !!


FYI

dear 小真真,

魚姐的話很有道理ㄛ

不過
妳問這個問題的答案有點見人見智吧~^ ^
就像有些人會問考試的時候到底要不要take notes

不過
我可以補充一下
小時候
我也有問過徐老師同樣的問題
當時
她給我的答案是：
因為如果你懂文章架構的話
就知道文章的重點在哪裡(不是說每段前兩句最重要的那種ㄛ)

她當時舉最簡單的例子就是general→specific vs specific→general
也就是說
如果妳知道這一篇文章是general→specific的架構的話
那妳就會知道要把閱讀重心放在文章的前半段
相反的
如果這是一篇specific→general的文章
那麼妳可以從落落長的文章中直接跳到到文章的後半找到閱讀重心
所以她才會認為文章的分類是很重要的

但，說真的
這麼難的道理...實在是很難一下子就參透(其他類型的文章更遠遠不如上述那兩種來的簡單...)
雖然我也有很努力的去分類過....但一直到考試的時候都還是沒學會如何用老師的方法~~
(其實...即使到現在.....我滿桌的英文書,我還是沒辦法分得出來 @@@(什麼跟什麼ㄇㄟ))

for your reference only ^ ^

(對了,我翻了一下我小時候的og..
我跟妳一樣..是把這篇分到general→specific類型~請原諒我沒力氣把這篇文章再重讀一遍 @@@)

有錯請指正 ^ ^

[魚]

好好檢討 : 蛇麼樣的題目自己一定會失分 ? 在進一步去思考 失分的原因為何 ?

如 : 主旨大意題 如果永遠都做不對的話.... (很嚴重 !) 就要好好想想,自己答題的根據為何 ? 為何會選上錯誤的選項 ? 是態度上判斷錯誤 還是整篇文章根本都沒搞懂 ? 好好判讀每一段落的TS ,在回頭看OG作者老師們的註釋.

猜對不等於了解.對於RC的準備 我覺得真的是在精不在多喔 !!


FYI

dear 小真真,

魚姐的話很有道理ㄛ

不過
妳問這個問題的答案有點見人見智吧~^ ^
就像有些人會問考試的時候到底要不要take notes

不過
我可以補充一下
小時候
我也有問過徐老師同樣的問題
當時
她給我的答案是：
因為如果你懂文章架構的話
就知道文章的重點在哪裡(不是說每段前兩句最重要的那種ㄛ)

她當時舉最簡單的例子就是general→specific vs specific→general
也就是說
如果妳知道這一篇文章是general→specific的架構的話
那妳就會知道要把閱讀重心放在文章的前半段
相反的
如果這是一篇specific→general的文章
那麼妳可以從落落長的文章中直接跳到到文章的後半找到閱讀重心
所以她才會認為文章的分類是很重要的但，說真的
這麼難的道理...實在是很難一下子就參透(其他類型的文章更遠遠不如上述那兩種來的簡單...)
雖然我也有很努力的去分類過....但一直到考試的時候都還是沒學會如何用老師的方法~~
(其實...即使到現在.....我滿桌的英文書,我還是沒辦法分得出來 @@@(什麼跟什麼ㄇㄟ))

for your reference only ^ ^

(對了,我翻了一下我小時候的og..
我跟妳一樣..是把這篇分到general→specific類型~請原諒我沒力氣把這篇文章再重讀一遍 @@@)

有錯請指正 ^ ^

叮噹這篇說的太棒了.....反正版主們都忙翻了....我自己來加精 歐耶...

[lunar916]

69題的答案A是哪裡看出來的ㄚ??
找來找去找不到....

[best555tw]

Unlike the oligosaccharins, the five well-known plant
hormones are pleiotropic rather than specific, that is,
(15) each has more than one effect on the growth and devel-
opment of plants.
所以oligosaccharins有specifc effect on teh growth and development of plants
且oligosaccharins 是 specific messagers

所以選A

[lunar916]

er.....
是這樣選出來的喔???
這....

恩... 不過還是感謝啦~

[best555tw]

to lunar916

如果你還有疑問要繼續問
我的解法釋根據OG後面解釋來的
可能有不清楚的地方
如果還有問題 歡迎在提問
說不定別人有更好的解法


總之 加油......

[小真真]

謝謝kikisky和魚的建言~
RC真的是我最頭大的地方...速度永遠不夠...我會再加油的