Prep RC 1-8

[mitori]

In its 1903 decision in the case of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, the United States Supreme Court rejected the efforts of three Native American tribes to prevent the opening of tribal lands to non-Indian settlement without tribal consent. In his study of the Lone Wolf case, Blue Clark properly emphasizes the Court's assertion of a virtually unlimited unilateral power of Congress (the House of Representatives and the Senate) over Native American affairs. But he fails to note the decision's more far-reaching impact: shortly after Lone Wolf, the federal government totally abandoned negotiation and execution of formal written agreements with Indian tribes as a prerequisite for the implementation of federal Indian policy. Many commentators believe that this change had already occurred in 1871 when--following a dispute between the House and the Senate over which chamber should enjoy primacy in Indian affairs--Congress abolished the making of treaties with Native American tribes. But in reality the federal government continued to negotiate formal tribal agreements past the turn of the century, treating these documents not as treaties with sovereign nations requiring ratification by the Senate but simply as legislation to be passed by both houses of Congress. The Lone Wolf decision ended this era of formal negotiation and finally did away with what had increasingly become the empty formality of obtaining tribal consent.

According to the passage, the congressional action of 1871 had which of the following effects?

(A) Native American tribal agreements were treated as legislation that had to be passed by both houses of Congress.
(B) The number of formal agreements negotiated between the federal government and Native American tribes decreased.
(C) The procedures for congressional approval and implementation of federal Indian policy were made more precise.
(D) It became more difficult for Congress to exercise unilateral authority over Native American affairs.
(E) The role of Congress in the ratification of treaties with sovereign nations was eventually undermined.

Ans. A
我選E, 我想知道這題要從哪邊去選, 又E哪裡錯?

[autumn713]

But in reality the federal government continued to negotiate formal tribal agreements past the turn of the century, treating these documents not as treaties with sovereign nations requiring ratification by the Senate but simply as legislation to be passed by both houses of Congress. --->A

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ha ha, though I did wrong as well.

[dibert8]

(E) Senate =/= Congress

[darthvader]

shortly after Lone Wolf, the federal government totally abandoned negotiation and execution of formal written agreements with Indian tribes as a prerequisite for the implementation of federal Indian policy. Many commentators believe that this change had already occurred in 1871 when--following a dispute between the House and the Senate over which chamber should enjoy primacy in Indian affairs--Congress abolished the making of treaties with Native American tribes.

我選的是(B)，我的判斷來自文中所提到的"this change" had already occurred in 1871，而按context來看，this change=the federal government totally abandoned negotiation and execution of formal written agreements with Indian tribes，所以1871年的影響應該是(B)。

有哪一位可以指出這樣的推論錯在哪裡？謝謝！

[dibert8]

(B) The number of formal agreements ... decreased.
文章裡沒有提到 number 增減.
treaty 應該是國與國之間的條約, 1871 年,美國開始不把印地安區視為國家,與印地安人的爭議,以國內法律途徑解決 (i.e. 由參眾兩院通過立法).

[Austing]

In its 1903 decision in the case of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, the United States Supreme Court rejected the efforts of three Native American tribes to prevent the opening of tribal lands to non-Indian settlement without tribal consent. In his study of the Lone Wolf case, Blue Clark properly emphasizes the Court's assertion of a virtually unlimited unilateral power of Congress (the House of Representatives and the Senate) over Native American affairs. But he fails to note the decision's more far-reaching impact: shortly after Lone Wolf, the federal government totally abandoned negotiation and execution of formal written agreements with Indian tribes as a prerequisite for the implementation of federal Indian policy. Many commentators believe that this change had already occurred in 1871 when--following a dispute between the House and the Senate over which chamber should enjoy primacy in Indian affairs--Congress abolished the making of treaties with Native American tribes. But in reality the federal government continued to negotiate formal tribal agreements past the turn of the century, treating these documents not as treaties with sovereign nations requiring ratification by the Senate but simply as legislation to be passed by both houses of Congress. The Lone Wolf decision ended this era of formal negotiation and finally did away with what had increasingly become the empty formality of obtaining tribal consent.

According to the passage, the congressional action of 1871 had which of the following effects?

(A) Native American tribal agreements were treated as legislation that had to be passed by both houses of Congress.
(B) The number of formal agreements negotiated between the federal government and Native American tribes decreased.
(C) The procedures for congressional approval and implementation of federal Indian policy were made more precise.
(D) It became more difficult for Congress to exercise unilateral authority over Native American affairs.
(E) The role of Congress in the ratification of treaties with sovereign nations was eventually undermined.

Ans. A
我選E, 我想知道這題要從哪邊去選, 又E哪裡錯?

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這題定位在treating these documents not as treaties with sovereign nations requiring ratification by the Senate but simply as legislation to be passed by both houses of Congress.

Many commentators believe that this change had already occurred in 1871 when....這是說明了1871當時的情況 題目問的是影響 ....(吼)

[nemolee]

The Lone Wolf decision ended this era of formal negotiation and finally did away with what had increasingly become the empty formality of obtaining tribal consent.

有沒有善心人士來幫忙分析這句話的結構.... 從 away with what had increasingly become..... what 又是指什麼? (what = the things that 嗎)

全句應該怎麼還原?

了解 did 指前面的 ended.... 這是倒裝嗎? (由輕到重?)

請好心的高手或是善心人士幫忙，感恩。

[chris8888]

The Lone Wolf decision ended this era of formal negotiation and finally did away with (廢止)what had increasingly become the empty formality of obtaining tribal consent.

do away with something

[chris8888]

The Lone Wolf decision ended this era of formal negotiation and finally did away with what had increasingly become the empty formality of obtaining tribal consent.

有沒有善心人士來幫忙分析這句話的結構.... 從 away with what had increasingly become..... what 又是指什麼? (what = the things that 嗎)

全句應該怎麼還原?

了解 did 指前面的 ended.... 這是倒裝嗎? (由輕到重?)

請好心的高手或是善心人士幫忙，感恩。

The Lone Wolf decision ended this era of formal negotiation and finally did away with (廢止)what had increasingly become the empty formality of obtaining tribal consent.

do away with something

[willyyang]

(B) not mentioned.
(D) (E) 都不太合邏輯，不太可能congrass自己講話，還讓自己的能力下降。所以我當時就沒考慮(D) (E)
我做題的時候選(C) ，可是後來檢討發現 more precise是自己推論的。文章沒有提到，不需要通過congrass，搞不好更vague也不一定。