[討論]OG passage18-social

[訪客]

Passage 18
When A. Philip Randolph assumed the leadership of the
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters(服務生), he began a ten-year
battle to win recognition from the Pullman(鐵路臥車廂) Company, the
largest private employer of Black people in the United
(5) States and the company that controlled the railroad
industry’s sleeping car and parlor(接待室) service. In 1935 the
Brotherhood became the first Black union recognized by a
major corporation(the Pullman compant). Randolph’s efforts in the battle helped
transform the attitude of Black workers toward unions and
(10) toward themselves as an identifiable(被認可的) group; eventually,
Randolph helped to weaken organized labor’s antagonism(非黑人的工會組織的敵對)
toward Black workers.

總結:emphasize Randolph’s effort to change the organized labor’s attitude toward black worker.

In the Pullman contest(爭論), Randolph faced formidable(無可避免的)
obstacles. The first was Black workers’ understandable
( 15) skepticism toward unions, which had historically barred
Black workers from membership. An additional obstacle
was the union that Pullman itself had formed, which
weakened support(NO.109) among Black workers for an
independent entity(主體)

總結:Two obstacle of black workers: 1.understandable skepticism 2.union didn’t acknowledge that’s a independent entity.
.
(20) The Brotherhood possessed a number of advantages,
however(強調後面的tactical abilities), including Randolph’s own tactical abilities. In
1928 he took the bold step of threatening a strike against
Pullman. Such a threat, on a national scale, under Black
leadership, helped replace the stereotype(刻板印象) of the Black
(25)worker as servant with the image of the Black worker as
wage earner. In addition, the porters’ very isolation aided
the Brotherhood. Porters were scattered(散佈) throughout the
country, sleeping in dormitories in Black communities;
their segregated life protected the union’s internal
(30) communications from interception. That the porters were a
homogeneous group working for a single employer with
single labor policy, thus sharing the same grievances(=complaint) from
city to city, also strengthened the Brotherhood and encour-
aged racial identity and solidarity as well(果). But(轉折) it was only
(35) in the early 1930’s(注意line5,1935) that federal legislation prohibiting a
company from maintaining its own unions with company
money eventually allowed the Brotherhood to become
recognized as the porters’ representative.

總結:What’s influence about Randolph’s tacnic-strike.

Not content(=satisfied) with this triumph, Randolph brought the
(40)Brotherhood into the American Federation(聯邦) of Labor, where
it became the equal of the Federation’s 105 other unions.
He reasoned that as a member union, the Brotherhood
would be in a better position to exert pressure(施壓) on member
unions that practiced(=carried out) race restrictions. Such restrictions(指公司對種族的限制)
were eventually found unconstitutional(違憲的) in 1944.

總結:Randolph let brotherhood union be accepted by the American Federation of Labor.

107. According to the passage, by 1935(到1935年) the skepticism of
Black workers toward unions was
(A) unchanged except among Black employees of
railroad-related industries.
(B) reinforced by the actions of the Pullman Company’s
union
(C) mitigated(=call down) by the efforts of Randolph
(D) weakened by the opening up of many unions to
Black workers.
(E) largely alleviated because of the policies of the
American Federation of Labor.

108. In using the word “understandable” (line 14), the
author most clearly conveys
(A) sympathy with attempts by the Brotherhood
between 1925 and 1935 to establish an independent
union.
(B) concern (關心)that the obstacles faced by Randolph
between 1925 and 1935 were indeed formidable
(C) ambivalence(矛盾) about the significance of unions to
most Black workers in the 1920’s.
(D) appreciation(評價) of the attitude of many Black workers
in the 1920’s toward unions.
(E) regret(後悔) at the historical attitude of unions toward
Black workers.

109. The passage suggests which of the following about the
response of porters to the Pullman Company’s own
union?
(A) Few porters ever joined this union.
(B) Some porters supported this union before 1935.
(C) Porters, more than other Pullman employees,
enthusiastically supported this union.
(D) The porters’ response was most positive after 1935.
(E) The porters’ response was unaffected by the general
skepticism of Black workers concerning unions.

110. The passage suggests that if the grievances of porters in
one part of the United States had been different from
those of porters in another part of the country, which of
the following would have been the case?
(A) It would have been more difficult for the Pullman
Company to have had a single labor policy.
(B) It would have been more difficult for the
Brotherhood to control its channels of
communication.
(C) It would have been more difficult for the
Brotherhood to build its membership.
(D) It would have been easier for the Pullman
Company’s union to attract membership.
(E) It would have been easier for the Brotherhood to
threaten strikes.

111. The passage suggests that in the 1920’s a company in
the United States was able to
(A) use its own funds to set up a union
(B) require its employees to join the company’s own union
(C) develop a single labor policy for all its employees
with little employee dissent(=rejection).
(D) pressure its employees to contribute money to
maintain the company’s own union
(E) use its resources to prevent the passage of federal legislation that would have facilitated the formation of independent unions.

112. The passage supplies information concerning which of
the following matters related to Randolph?
(A) The steps he took to initiate the founding of the
Brotherhood
(B) His motivation for bringing the Brotherhood into the
American Federation of Labor
(C) The influence he had on the passage of legislation
overturning race restrictions in 1944
(D) The influence he had on the passage of legislation to
bar companies from financing their own unions
(E) The success he and the Brotherhood had in
influencing the policies of the other unions in the
American Federation of Labor

Social 出題方向
1. 時間點變化及關聯性 ex.107,111
2. 作者的對某些事情態度, ex:usderstandable
3. 因果關係,由因推果(ex110)or由果推因(ex.109)

[訪客]

First paragraph
recongization

key word:indentificable, attutude, eventaully,antagonism,group,1935

Second paragraph
obstacle

key word:formidable,understandable,additional, itself, independent, entity

Third paragraph
homogeneous

key word:bald, tactical,however,strike,replace, streotype, isolation, grievance, interception, early, eventaully

Fourth paragraph
equal

key word: content, equal,bring, better, exert, unconstitutional

[agnes]

109. The passage suggests which of the following about the
response of porters to the Pullman Company’s own
union?
(A) Few porters ever joined this union.
(B) Some porters supported this union before 1935.
(C) Porters, more than other Pullman employees,
enthusiastically supported this union.
(D) The porters’ response was most positive after 1935.
(E) The porters’ response was unaffected by the general
skepticism of Black workers concerning unions.

不知道(D)錯的原因
OG是寫:Choice D is incorrect: in fact, the passage suggests that the porters' attitude was less positive after R's union achieved recognition in 1935.

[micht]

In the Pullman contest(爭論), Randolph faced formidable
obstacles. The first was Black workers’ understandable
( 15) skepticism toward unions, which had historically barred Black workers from membership. An additional obstacle was the union that Pullman itself had formed, which
weakened support among Black workers for an independent entity(主體)

此段說名 R　在推動 Brotherhood of SLeeping Car Porter所遇到的困難
其一, Black worker's skepticism
其二, 有少部份的 Black worker支持Pullman's union

因此可回答下面的問題

109. The passage suggests which of the following about the response of porters to the Pullman Company’s own union?

當時Black people對Pullman Company's own union的看法為

(A) Few porters ever joined this union.
(B) Some porters supported this union before 1935.
(C) Porters, more than other Pullman employees,
enthusiastically supported this union.
(D) The porters’ response was most positive after 1935.
(E) The porters’ response was unaffected by the general
skepticism of Black workers concerning unions.

[best555tw]

D的OG解釋說porters' attitude was less positive是從哪裡來的??

[kikisky]

嗯....有看懂文章的故事大意嗎??

故事第一段一開始就告訴妳
Randolph的Brotherhood展開10年之久的battle(去贏取從Pullman得到認同......)

=>從這裡,我們可以推得Brotherhood和Pullman有對立的關係

然後
在1935年時Brotherhood became the first Black union recognized by a major corporation..........

=>可以說是表示出Brotherhood贏得這場battle

所以
既然Brotherhood在1935年時贏了,也就是表示對Brotherhood是positive attitude
站在對立關係來看
我們可以知道
對於the Pullman Company's own union是less positive才對

不知是這樣解釋有沒有通??^ ^
請多指教^ ^

[faithful]

109. The passage suggests which of the following about the
response of porters to the Pullman Company’s own
union?
(A) Few porters ever joined this union.
(B) Some porters supported this union before 1935.
(C) Porters, more than other Pullman employees,
enthusiastically supported this union.
(D) The porters’ response was most positive after 1935.
(E) The porters’ response was unaffected by the general
skepticism of Black workers concerning unions.

綜合以上觀點、OG 詳解，再加上本身淺見，提出來供大家參考。
(A) 文章16-19行中提到the Pullman Company’s own
union，代表poter有參加。不選。
(C) 文中沒有提及Pullman Company的其它員工，無法比較。不選。
(D) 首先個人淺見，答案 (B) 較好；再者，黑人在1935年後有了自己的工會，對於公司本身原來的工會，應該就必較不那麼熱衷，反而會轉向支持完全屬於黑人的工會。不選。[附註]這是推論，文中沒有明白指出，故OG的詳解亦用"suggests"。
(E) 文中完全沒有提及黑人勞工對於工會所持的懷疑態度，是否有影響Pullman Company的工會 (也就是porter之前參與的工會)。

再次聲明，以上說明有參雜個人淺見，還煩請得道高僧不吝指正，畢竟在下今年九月底也要考GMAT，謝謝。